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annotate xml/en/docs/http/request_processing.xml @ 2769:16f6fa718be2

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Updated TLSv1.3 support notes. Previous notes described some early development snapshot of OpenSSL 1.1.1 with disabled TLSv1.3 by default. It was then enabled in the first alpha. Further, the updated text covers later major releases such as OpenSSL 3.0.
author Sergey Kandaurov <pluknet@nginx.com>
date Thu, 30 Sep 2021 16:29:20 +0300
parents 130fad6dc1b4
children
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1 <!--
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
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4 -->
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5
50
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6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd">
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7
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8 <article name="How nginx processes a request"
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9 link="/en/docs/http/request_processing.html"
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10 lang="en"
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11 rev="1"
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12 author="Igor Sysoev"
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13 editor="Brian Mercer">
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14
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15 <section name="Name-based virtual servers">
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16
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17 <para>
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18 nginx first decides which <i>server</i> should process the request.
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19 Let’s start with a simple configuration
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20 where all three virtual servers listen on port *:80:
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21 <programlisting>
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22 server {
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23 listen 80;
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24 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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25 ...
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26 }
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27
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28 server {
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29 listen 80;
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30 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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31 ...
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32 }
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33
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34 server {
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35 listen 80;
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36 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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37 ...
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38 }
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39 </programlisting>
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40
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41 </para>
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42
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43 <para>
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44 In this configuration nginx tests only the request’s header field
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45 <header>Host</header> to determine which server the request should be routed to.
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46 If its value does not match any server name,
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47 or the request does not contain this header field at all,
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48 then nginx will route the request to the default server for this port.
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49 In the configuration above, the default server is the first
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50 one&mdash;which is nginx’s standard default behaviour.
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51 It can also be set explicitly which server should be default,
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52 with the <literal>default_server</literal> parameter
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53 in the <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> directive:
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54 <programlisting>
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55 server {
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56 listen 80 <b>default_server</b>;
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57 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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58 ...
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59 }
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60 </programlisting>
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61
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62 <note>
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63 The <literal>default_server</literal> parameter has been available since
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64 version 0.8.21.
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65 In earlier versions the <literal>default</literal> parameter should be used
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66 instead.
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67 </note>
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68 Note that the default server is a property of the listen port
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69 and not of the server name.
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70 More about this later.
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71 </para>
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72
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73 </section>
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74
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75
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76 <section id="how_to_prevent_undefined_server_names"
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77 name="How to prevent processing requests with undefined server names">
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78
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79 <para>
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80 If requests without the <header>Host</header> header field should not be
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81 allowed, a server that just drops the requests can be defined:
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82 <programlisting>
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83 server {
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84 listen 80;
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85 server_name "";
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86 return 444;
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87 }
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88 </programlisting>
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89 Here, the server name is set to an empty string that will match
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90 requests without the <header>Host</header> header field,
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91 and a special nginx’s non-standard code 444
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92 is returned that closes the connection.
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93 <note>
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94 Since version 0.8.48, this is the default setting for the
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95 server name, so the <literal>server_name ""</literal> can be omitted.
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96 In earlier versions, the machine’s <i>hostname</i> was used as
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97 a default server name.
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98 </note>
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99 </para>
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100
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101 </section>
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102
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103
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104 <section id="mixed_name_ip_based_servers"
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105 name="Mixed name-based and IP-based virtual servers">
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106
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107 <para>
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108 Let’s look at a more complex configuration
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109 where some virtual servers listen on different addresses:
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110 <programlisting>
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111 server {
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112 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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113 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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114 ...
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115 }
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116
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117 server {
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118 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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119 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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120 ...
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121 }
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122
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123 server {
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124 listen 192.168.1.2:80;
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125 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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126 ...
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127 }
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128 </programlisting>
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129 In this configuration, nginx first tests the IP address and port
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130 of the request against the
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131 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> directives
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132 of the
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133 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> blocks.
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134 It then tests the <header>Host</header>
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135 header field of the request against the
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136 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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137 entries of the
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138 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>
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139 blocks that matched
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140 the IP address and port.
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141 If the server name is not found, the request will be processed by
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142 the default server.
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143 For example, a request for <literal>www.example.com</literal> received on
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144 the 192.168.1.1:80 port will be handled by the default server
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145 of the 192.168.1.1:80 port, i.e., by the first server,
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146 since there is no <literal>www.example.com</literal> defined for this port.
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147 </para>
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148
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149 <para>
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150 As already stated, a default server is a property of the listen port,
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151 and different default servers may be defined for different ports:
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152 <programlisting>
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153 server {
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154 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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155 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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156 ...
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157 }
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158
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159 server {
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160 listen 192.168.1.1:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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161 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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162 ...
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163 }
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164
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165 server {
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166 listen 192.168.1.2:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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167 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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168 ...
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169 }
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170 </programlisting>
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171
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172 </para>
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173
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174 </section>
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175
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176
121
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177 <section id="simple_php_site_configuration"
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178 name="A simple PHP site configuration">
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179
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180 <para>
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181 Now let’s look at how nginx chooses a <i>location</i> to process a request
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182 for a typical, simple PHP site:
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183 <programlisting>
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184 server {
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185 listen 80;
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186 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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187 root /data/www;
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188
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189 location / {
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190 index index.html index.php;
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191 }
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192
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193 location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
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194 expires 30d;
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195 }
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196
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197 location ~ \.php$ {
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198 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;
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199 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME
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200 $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
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201 include fastcgi_params;
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202 }
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203 }
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204 </programlisting>
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205
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206 </para>
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207
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208 <para>
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209 nginx first searches for the most specific prefix location given by
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210 literal strings regardless of the listed order.
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211 In the configuration above
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212 the only prefix location is “<literal>/</literal>” and since it matches
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213 any request it will be used as a last resort.
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214 Then nginx checks locations given by
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215 regular expression in the order listed in the configuration file.
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216 The first matching expression stops the search and nginx will use this
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217 location.
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218 If no regular expression matches a request, then nginx uses
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219 the most specific prefix location found earlier.
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220 </para>
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221
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222 <para>
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223 Note that locations of all types test only a URI part of request line
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224 without arguments.
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225 This is done because arguments in the query string may be given in
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226 several ways, for example:
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227 <programlisting>
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228 /index.php?user=john&amp;page=1
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229 /index.php?page=1&amp;user=john
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230 </programlisting>
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231 Besides, anyone may request anything in the query string:
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232 <programlisting>
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233 /index.php?page=1&amp;something+else&amp;user=john
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234 </programlisting>
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235
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236 </para>
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237
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238 <para>
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239 Now let’s look at how requests would be processed
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240 in the configuration above:
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241 <list type="bullet" compact="no">
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242
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243 <listitem>
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244 A request “<literal>/logo.gif</literal>” is matched by the prefix location
271
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245 “<literal>/</literal>” first and then by the regular expression
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246 “<literal>\.(gif|jpg|png)$</literal>”,
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247 therefore, it is handled by the latter location.
271
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248 Using the directive “<literal>root&nbsp;/data/www</literal>” the request
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249 is mapped to the file <path>/data/www/logo.gif</path>, and the file
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250 is sent to the client.
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251 </listitem>
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252
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253 <listitem>
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254 A request “<literal>/index.php</literal>” is also matched by the prefix location
271
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255 “<literal>/</literal>” first and then by the regular expression
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256 “<literal>\.(php)$</literal>”.
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257 Therefore, it is handled by the latter location
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258 and the request is passed to a FastCGI server listening on localhost:9000.
271
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259 The
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260 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_param"/>
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261 directive sets the FastCGI parameter
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262 <literal>SCRIPT_FILENAME</literal> to “<literal>/data/www/index.php</literal>”,
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263 and the FastCGI server executes the file.
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264 The variable <var>$document_root</var> is equal to
271
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265 the value of the
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266 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="root"/>
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267 directive and the variable <var>$fastcgi_script_name</var> is equal to
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268 the request URI, i.e. “<literal>/index.php</literal>”.
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269 </listitem>
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270
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271 <listitem>
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272 A request “<literal>/about.html</literal>” is matched by the prefix location
271
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273 “<literal>/</literal>” only, therefore, it is handled in this location.
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274 Using the directive “<literal>root /data/www</literal>” the request is mapped
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275 to the file <path>/data/www/about.html</path>, and the file is sent
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276 to the client.
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277 </listitem>
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278
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279 <listitem>
271
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280 Handling a request “<literal>/</literal>” is more complex.
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281 It is matched by the prefix location “<literal>/</literal>” only,
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282 therefore, it is handled by this location.
271
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283 Then the
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284 <link doc="ngx_http_index_module.xml" id="index"/>
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285 directive tests for the existence
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286 of index files according to its parameters and
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287 the “<literal>root /data/www</literal>” directive.
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288 If the file <path>/data/www/index.html</path> does not exist,
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289 and the file <path>/data/www/index.php</path> exists,
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290 then the directive does an internal redirect to “<literal>/index.php</literal>”,
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291 and nginx searches the locations again
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292 as if the request had been sent by a client.
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293 As we saw before, the redirected request will eventually be handled
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294 by the FastCGI server.
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295 </listitem>
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296
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297 </list>
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298
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299 </para>
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300
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301 </section>
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302
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303 </article>