Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.xml @ 576:cac22cc79afd
Documented the "etag" directive.
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Tue, 10 Jul 2012 11:44:07 +0000 |
parents | 95a970603b0f |
children | be54c443235a |
rev | line source |
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222
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1 <?xml version="1.0"?> |
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2 |
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3 <!DOCTYPE module SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/module.dtd"> |
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4 |
382 | 5 <module name="Модуль ngx_http_rewrite_module" |
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6 link="/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.html" |
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7 lang="ru"> |
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8 |
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9 <section id="summary"> |
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10 |
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11 <para> |
382 | 12 Модуль <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> позволяет |
13 изменять URI с помощью регулярных выражений, делать перенаправления | |
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14 и выбирать конфигурацию по условию. |
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15 </para> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
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18 Директивы модуля <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> |
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19 обрабатываются в следующем порядке: |
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20 <list type="bullet"> |
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21 |
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22 <listitem> |
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23 выполняются директивы этого модуля, описанные на уровне |
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24 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server">сервера</link>; |
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25 </listitem> |
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26 |
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27 <listitem> |
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28 ищется location для запроса; |
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29 </listitem> |
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30 |
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31 <listitem> |
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32 выполняются директивы этого модуля, описанные в выбранном |
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33 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="location"/>, |
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34 и если они изменяли URI, то ищется новый location для уже нового URI. |
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35 Этот цикл может повторяться до 10 раз, после чего возвращается |
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36 ошибка <http-status code="500" text="Internal Server Error"/>. |
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37 </listitem> |
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38 |
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39 </list> |
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40 </para> |
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41 |
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42 </section> |
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43 |
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44 |
382 | 45 <section id="directives" name="Директивы"> |
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46 |
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47 <directive name="break"> |
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48 <syntax/> |
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49 <default/> |
382 | 50 <context>server</context> |
51 <context>location</context> | |
52 <context>if</context> | |
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53 |
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54 <para> |
382 | 55 Завершает обработку текущего набора директив модуля |
56 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal>. | |
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57 </para> |
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58 |
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59 <para> |
382 | 60 Пример: |
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61 <example> |
382 | 62 if ($slow) { |
63 limit_rate 10k; | |
64 break; | |
65 } | |
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66 </example> |
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67 </para> |
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68 |
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69 </directive> |
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70 |
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71 |
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72 <directive name="if"> |
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Explicitly marked directives with the block syntax. Such directives will
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73 <syntax block="yes">(<value>условие</value>)</syntax> |
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74 <default/> |
382 | 75 <context>server</context> |
76 <context>location</context> | |
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77 |
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78 <para> |
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79 Проверяется указанное <value>условие</value>. |
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80 Если оно истинно, то выполняются указанные в фигурных скобках директивы |
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81 этого модуля и запросу назначается конфигурация, указанная внутри |
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82 директивы <literal>if</literal>. |
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83 Конфигурации внутри директив <literal>if</literal> наследуются с |
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84 предыдущего уровня конфигурации. |
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85 </para> |
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86 |
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87 <para> |
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88 В качестве условия могут быть заданы: |
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89 <list type="bullet"> |
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90 |
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91 <listitem> |
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92 имя переменной; ложными значениями переменной являются пустая строка |
382 | 93 или любая строка, начинающаяся на “<literal>0</literal>”; |
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94 </listitem> |
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95 |
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96 <listitem> |
382 | 97 сравнение переменной со строкой с помощью операторов |
98 “<literal>=</literal>” и “<literal>!=</literal>”; | |
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99 </listitem> |
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100 |
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101 <listitem> |
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102 соответствие переменной регулярному выражению с учётом |
382 | 103 регистра символов — “<literal>~</literal>” и без него — “<literal>~*</literal>”. |
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104 В регулярных выражениях можно использовать выделения, которые затем |
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105 доступны в виде переменных <var>$1</var>..<var>$9</var>. |
382 | 106 Также можно использовать отрицательные операторы “<literal>!~</literal>” |
107 и “<literal>!~*</literal>”. | |
108 Если в регулярном выражении встречаются символы “<literal>}</literal>” | |
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109 или “<literal>;</literal>”, то всё выражение следует заключить в одинарные |
382 | 110 или двойные кавычки. |
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111 </listitem> |
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112 |
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113 <listitem> |
382 | 114 проверка существования файла с помощью операторов “<literal>-f</literal>” |
115 и “<literal>!-f</literal>”; | |
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116 </listitem> |
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117 |
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118 <listitem> |
382 | 119 проверка существования каталога с помощью операторов “<literal>-d</literal>” |
120 и “<literal>!-d</literal>”; | |
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121 </listitem> |
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122 |
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123 <listitem> |
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124 проверка существования файла, каталога или символической ссылки |
382 | 125 с помощью операторов “<literal>-e</literal>” и “<literal>!-e</literal>”; |
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126 </listitem> |
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127 |
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128 <listitem> |
382 | 129 проверка исполняемости файла с помощью операторов “<literal>-x</literal>” |
130 и “<literal>!-x</literal>”. | |
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131 </listitem> |
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132 |
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133 </list> |
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134 </para> |
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135 |
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136 <para> |
382 | 137 Примеры: |
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138 <example> |
382 | 139 if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) { |
140 rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break; | |
141 } | |
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142 |
382 | 143 if ($http_cookie ~* "id=([^;]+)(?:;|$)") { |
144 set $id $1; | |
145 } | |
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146 |
382 | 147 if ($request_method = POST) { |
148 return 405; | |
149 } | |
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150 |
382 | 151 if ($slow) { |
152 limit_rate 10k; | |
153 } | |
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154 |
382 | 155 if ($invalid_referer) { |
156 return 403; | |
157 } | |
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158 </example> |
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159 <note> |
382 | 160 Значение встроенной переменной <var>$invalid_referer</var> задаётся директивой |
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161 <link doc="ngx_http_referer_module.xml" id="valid_referers"/>. |
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162 </note> |
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163 </para> |
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164 |
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165 </directive> |
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166 |
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167 |
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168 <directive name="return"> |
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169 <syntax><value>код</value> [<value>текст</value>]</syntax> |
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170 <syntax><value>код</value> <value>URL</value></syntax> |
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171 <syntax><value>URL</value></syntax> |
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172 <default/> |
382 | 173 <context>server</context> |
174 <context>location</context> | |
175 <context>if</context> | |
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176 |
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177 <para> |
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178 Завершает обработку и возвращает клиенту указанный <value>код</value>. |
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179 Нестандартный код 444 закрывает соединение без передачи |
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180 заголовка ответа. |
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181 </para> |
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182 |
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183 <para> |
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184 Начиная с версии 0.8.42 можно задать |
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185 либо URL перенаправления (для кодов 301, 302, 303 и 307), |
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186 либо <value>текст</value> тела ответа (для остальных кодов). |
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187 В тексте тела ответа и URL перенаправления можно использовать переменные. |
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188 Как частный случай, URL перенаправления может быть задан как URI, |
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189 локальный для данного сервера, при этом полный URL перенаправления |
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190 формируется согласно схеме запроса (<var>$scheme</var>) и директив |
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191 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> и |
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192 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="port_in_redirect"/>. |
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193 </para> |
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194 |
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195 <para> |
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196 Кроме того, в качестве единственного параметра можно указать |
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197 <value>URL</value> для временного перенаправления с кодом 302. |
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198 Такой параметр должен начинаться со строк “<literal>http://</literal>”, |
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199 “<literal>https://</literal>” или “<literal>$scheme</literal>”. |
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200 В <value>URL</value> можно использовать переменные. |
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201 </para> |
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202 |
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203 <para> |
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204 <note> |
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205 До версии 0.7.51 можно было возвращать только следующие коды: |
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206 204, 400, 402 — 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 416 и 500 — 504. |
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207 </note> |
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208 |
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209 <note> |
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210 До версий 1.1.16 и 1.0.13 код 307 не обрабатывался как перенаправление. |
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211 </note> |
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212 </para> |
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213 |
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214 </directive> |
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215 |
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216 |
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217 <directive name="rewrite"> |
382 | 218 <syntax> |
219 <value>regex</value> | |
220 <value>замена</value> | |
221 [<value>флаг</value>]</syntax> | |
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222 <default/> |
382 | 223 <context>server</context> |
224 <context>location</context> | |
225 <context>if</context> | |
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226 |
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227 <para> |
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228 Если указанное регулярное выражение соответствует URI, URI изменяется |
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229 в соответствии со строкой замены. |
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230 Директивы <literal>rewrite</literal> выполняются последовательно, |
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231 в порядке их следования в конфигурационном файле. |
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232 С помощью флагов можно прекратить дальнейшую обработку директив. |
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233 Если строка замены начинается с “<literal>http://</literal>” или |
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234 “<literal>https://</literal>”, то обработка завершается и клиенту |
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235 возвращается перенаправление. |
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236 </para> |
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237 |
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238 <para> |
391
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239 Необязательный параметр <value>флаг</value> может быть одним из: |
382 | 240 <list type="tag"> |
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241 |
382 | 242 <tag-name><literal>last</literal></tag-name> |
243 <tag-desc> | |
244 завершает обработку текущего набора директив модуля | |
245 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal>, | |
391
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246 после чего ищется новый location, соответствующий изменённому URI; |
382 | 247 </tag-desc> |
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248 |
382 | 249 <tag-name><literal>break</literal></tag-name> |
250 <tag-desc> | |
251 завершает обработку текущего набора директив модуля | |
252 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal>; | |
253 </tag-desc> | |
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254 |
382 | 255 <tag-name><literal>redirect</literal></tag-name> |
256 <tag-desc> | |
257 возвращает временное перенаправление с кодом 302; | |
258 используется, если заменяющая строка не начинается с | |
391
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259 “<literal>http://</literal>” или “<literal>https://</literal>”; |
382 | 260 </tag-desc> |
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261 |
382 | 262 <tag-name><literal>permanent</literal></tag-name> |
263 <tag-desc> | |
264 возвращает постоянное перенаправление с кодом 301. | |
265 </tag-desc> | |
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266 |
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267 </list> |
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268 Полный URL перенаправлений формируется согласно |
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269 схеме запроса (<var>$scheme</var>) и директив |
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270 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> и |
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271 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="port_in_redirect"/>. |
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272 </para> |
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273 |
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274 <para> |
382 | 275 Пример: |
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276 <example> |
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277 server { |
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278 ... |
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279 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 last; |
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280 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra last; |
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281 return 403; |
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282 ... |
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283 } |
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284 </example> |
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285 </para> |
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286 |
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287 <para> |
382 | 288 Если же эти директивы поместить в location “<literal>/download/</literal>”, |
289 то нужно заменить флаг <literal>last</literal> на <literal>break</literal>, | |
290 иначе nginx сделает 10 циклов и вернёт ошибку 500: | |
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291 <example> |
382 | 292 location /download/ { |
293 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; | |
294 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra break; | |
295 return 403; | |
296 } | |
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297 </example> |
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298 </para> |
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299 |
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300 <para> |
391
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301 Если в строке замены указаны новые аргументы запроса, то предыдущие |
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302 аргументы запроса добавляются после них. |
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303 Если такое поведение нежелательно, можно отказаться от этого добавления, |
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304 указав в конце строки замены знак вопроса, например: |
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305 <example> |
382 | 306 rewrite ^/users/(.*)$ /show?user=$1? last; |
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307 </example> |
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308 </para> |
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309 |
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310 <para> |
382 | 311 Если в регулярном выражении встречаются символы “<literal>}</literal>” |
391
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312 или “<literal>;</literal>”, то всё выражение следует заключить в одинарные |
382 | 313 или двойные кавычки. |
76
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314 </para> |
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315 |
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316 </directive> |
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317 |
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318 |
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319 <directive name="set"> |
382 | 320 <syntax><value>переменная</value> <value>значение</value></syntax> |
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321 <default/> |
382 | 322 <context>server</context> |
323 <context>location</context> | |
324 <context>if</context> | |
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325 |
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326 <para> |
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327 Устанавливает значение указанной переменной. |
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328 В качестве значения можно использовать текст, переменные и их комбинации. |
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329 </para> |
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330 |
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331 </directive> |
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332 |
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333 |
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334 <directive name="uninitialized_variable_warn"> |
271 | 335 <syntax><literal>on</literal> | <literal>off</literal></syntax> |
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336 <default>on</default> |
382 | 337 <context>http</context> |
338 <context>server</context> | |
339 <context>location</context> | |
340 <context>if</context> | |
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341 |
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342 <para> |
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343 Определяет, нужно ли писать в лог предупреждения о неинициализированных |
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344 переменных. |
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345 </para> |
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346 |
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347 </directive> |
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348 |
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349 </section> |
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350 |
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351 |
382 | 352 <section id="internals" name="Внутреннее устройство"> |
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353 |
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354 <para> |
382 | 355 Директивы модуля <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> |
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356 компилируются на стадии конфигурации во внутренние инструкции, |
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357 интерпретируемые во время обработки запроса. |
382 | 358 Интерпретатор представляет из себя простую стековую виртуальную машину. |
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359 </para> |
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360 |
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361 <para> |
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362 Например, директивы |
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363 <example> |
382 | 364 location /download/ { |
365 if ($forbidden) { | |
366 return 403; | |
367 } | |
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368 |
382 | 369 if ($slow) { |
370 limit_rate 10k; | |
371 } | |
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372 |
382 | 373 rewrite ^/(download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ /$1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; |
374 } | |
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375 </example> |
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376 будут транслированы в такие инструкции: |
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377 <example> |
382 | 378 переменная $forbidden |
379 проверка на ноль | |
380 возврат 403 | |
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381 завершение всего кода |
382 | 382 переменная $slow |
383 проверка на ноль | |
384 проверка регулярного выражения | |
385 копирование "/" | |
386 копирование $1 | |
387 копирование "/mp3/" | |
388 копирование $2 | |
389 копирование ".mp3" | |
390 завершение регулярного выражения | |
391 завершение всего кода | |
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392 </example> |
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393 </para> |
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394 |
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395 <para> |
391
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396 Обратите внимание, что инструкций для директивы |
382 | 397 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="limit_rate"/> |
398 нет, поскольку она не имеет отношения к модулю | |
399 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal>. | |
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400 Для блока <link id="if"/> создаётся отдельная конфигурация, |
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401 Если условие истинно, запрос получает эту конфигурацию, |
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402 и в ней <literal>limit_rate</literal> равен 10k. |
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403 </para> |
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404 |
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405 <para> |
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406 Директиву |
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407 <example> |
382 | 408 rewrite ^/(download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ /$1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; |
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409 </example> |
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410 можно сделать на одну инструкцию меньше, если в регулярном выражении перенести |
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411 первый слэш внутрь скобок: |
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412 <example> |
382 | 413 rewrite ^(<emphasis>/</emphasis>download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; |
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414 </example> |
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415 Тогда соответствующие инструкции будут выглядеть так: |
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416 <example> |
382 | 417 проверка регулярного выражения |
418 копирование $1 | |
419 копирование "/mp3/" | |
420 копирование $2 | |
421 копирование ".mp3" | |
422 завершение регулярного выражения | |
423 завершение всего кода | |
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424 </example> |
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425 </para> |
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426 |
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427 </section> |
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428 |
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429 </module> |