Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/server_names.xml @ 593:130fad6dc1b4
Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Thu, 19 Jul 2012 05:17:45 +0000 |
parents | 764fbac1b8b4 |
children | 2300e4c1a231 |
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1 <!-- |
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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4 --> |
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5 |
50 | 6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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7 |
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8 <article name="Server names" |
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9 link="/en/docs/http/server_names.html" |
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10 lang="en" |
589 | 11 rev="1" |
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12 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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13 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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14 |
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15 |
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16 <section> |
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17 |
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18 <para> |
271 | 19 Server names are defined using the |
20 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/> | |
21 directive | |
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22 and determine which server block is used for a given request. |
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23 See also “<link doc="request_processing.xml"/>”. |
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24 They may be defined using exact names, wildcard names, or regular expressions: |
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25 |
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26 <programlisting> |
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27 server { |
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28 listen 80; |
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29 server_name example.org www.example.org; |
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30 ... |
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31 } |
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32 |
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33 server { |
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34 listen 80; |
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35 server_name *.example.org; |
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36 ... |
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37 } |
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38 |
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39 server { |
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40 listen 80; |
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41 server_name mail.*; |
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42 ... |
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43 } |
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44 |
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45 server { |
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46 listen 80; |
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47 server_name ~^(?<user>.+)\.example\.net$; |
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48 ... |
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49 } |
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50 </programlisting> |
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51 |
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52 The names are tested in the following order: |
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53 |
461 | 54 <list type="enum"> |
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55 |
461 | 56 <listitem> |
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57 exact names; |
461 | 58 </listitem> |
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59 |
461 | 60 <listitem> |
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61 wildcard names starting with an asterisk: <literal>*.example.org</literal> |
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62 (longest first); |
461 | 63 </listitem> |
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64 |
461 | 65 <listitem> |
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66 wildcard names ending with an asterisk: <literal>mail.*</literal> |
587
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67 (longest first); |
461 | 68 </listitem> |
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69 |
461 | 70 <listitem> |
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71 and regular expressions in the order listed in the configuration file. |
461 | 72 </listitem> |
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73 |
461 | 74 </list> |
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75 The first match stops the search. |
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76 </para> |
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77 |
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78 </section> |
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79 |
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80 |
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81 <section id="wildcard_names" |
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82 name="Wildcard names"> |
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83 |
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84 <para> |
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85 A wildcard name may contain an asterisk only on the name's start or end, |
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86 and only on a dot border. The names “<literal>www.*.example.org</literal>” |
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87 and “<literal>w*.example.org</literal>” are invalid. |
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88 However, these names can be specified using regular expressions, |
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89 for example, “<literal>~^www\..+\.example\.org$</literal>” and |
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90 “<literal>~^w.*\.example\.org$</literal>”. |
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91 An asterisk can match several name parts. |
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92 The name “<literal>*.example.org</literal>” matches not only |
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93 <literal>www.example.org</literal> but <literal>www.sub.example.org</literal> as well. |
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94 </para> |
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95 |
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96 <para> |
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97 A special wildcard in the form “<literal>.example.org</literal>” can be used |
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98 to match both the exact name “<literal>example.org</literal>” |
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99 and the wildcard name “<literal>*.example.org</literal>”. |
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100 </para> |
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101 |
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102 </section> |
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103 |
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104 |
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105 <section id="regex_names" |
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106 name="Regular expressions names"> |
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107 |
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108 <para> |
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109 The regular expressions used by nginx are compatible with those used |
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110 by the Perl programming language (PCRE). |
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111 To use a regular expression, the server name must start with the tilde |
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112 character: |
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113 |
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114 <programlisting> |
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115 server_name ~^www\d+\.example\.net$; |
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116 </programlisting> |
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117 |
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118 otherwise it will be treated as an exact name, or if the expression contains |
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119 an asterisk, as a wildcard name (and most likely as an invalid one). |
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120 Do not forget to set “^” and “$” anchors. |
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121 They are not required syntactically, but logically. |
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122 Also note that domain name dots should be escaped with a backslash. |
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123 A regular expression containing the characters “{” |
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124 and “}” should be quoted: |
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125 |
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126 <programlisting> |
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127 server_name "~^(?<name>\w\d<b>{</b>1,3<b>}</b>+)\.example\.net$"; |
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128 </programlisting> |
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129 |
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130 otherwise nginx will fail to start and display the error message: |
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131 |
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132 <programlisting> |
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133 directive "server_name" is not terminated by ";" in ... |
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134 </programlisting> |
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135 |
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136 A named regular expression capture can be used later as a variable: |
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137 |
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138 <programlisting> |
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139 server { |
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140 server_name ~^(www\.)?(<b>?<domain></b>.+)$; |
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141 |
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142 location / { |
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143 root /sites/<b>$domain</b>; |
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144 } |
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145 } |
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146 </programlisting> |
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147 |
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148 The PCRE library supports named captures using the following syntax: |
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149 |
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150 <table note="yes"> |
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151 |
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152 <tr> |
271 | 153 <td><literal>?<<value>name</value>></literal></td> |
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154 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td> |
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155 </tr> |
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156 |
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157 <tr> |
271 | 158 <td><literal>?'<value>name</value>'</literal></td> |
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159 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td> |
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160 </tr> |
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161 |
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162 <tr> |
271 | 163 <td><literal>?P<<value>name</value>></literal></td> |
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164 <td>Python compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-4.0</td> |
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165 </tr> |
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166 |
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167 </table> |
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168 |
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169 If nginx fails to start and displays the error message: |
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170 |
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171 <programlisting> |
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172 pcre_compile() failed: unrecognized character after (?< in ... |
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173 </programlisting> |
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174 |
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175 this means that the PCRE library is old |
271 | 176 and you should try the syntax “<literal>?P<<value>name</value>></literal>”. |
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177 The captures can also be used in digital form: |
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178 |
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179 <programlisting> |
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180 server { |
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181 server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$; |
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182 |
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183 location / { |
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184 root /sites/<b>$2</b>; |
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185 } |
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186 } |
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187 </programlisting> |
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188 |
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189 However, such usage should be limited to simple cases (like the above), |
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190 since the digital references can easily be overwritten. |
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191 </para> |
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192 |
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193 |
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194 </section> |
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195 |
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196 |
121
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197 <section id="miscellaneous_names" |
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198 name="Miscellaneous names"> |
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199 |
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200 <para> |
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201 If you want to process requests without a “Host” header line |
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202 in a server block which is not the default, you should specify an empty name: |
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203 |
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204 <programlisting> |
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205 server { |
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206 listen 80; |
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207 server_name example.org www.example.org ""; |
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208 ... |
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209 } |
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210 </programlisting> |
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211 </para> |
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212 |
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213 <para> |
271 | 214 If no |
215 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/> | |
216 is defined in a server block, | |
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217 then nginx uses the empty name as the server name. |
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218 <note> |
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219 nginx versions up to 0.8.48 used the <i>hostname</i> as the server name |
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220 in this case. |
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221 </note> |
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222 </para> |
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223 |
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224 <para> |
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225 If someone makes a request using an IP address instead of a server name, |
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226 the request’s “Host” header line will contain the IP address |
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227 and you can handle the request using the IP address as the server name: |
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228 |
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229 <programlisting> |
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230 server { |
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231 listen 80; |
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232 server_name example.org |
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233 www.example.org |
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234 "" |
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235 <b>192.168.1.1</b> |
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236 ; |
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237 ... |
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238 } |
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239 </programlisting> |
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240 </para> |
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241 |
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242 <para> |
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243 In catch-all server examples you may see the strange name “_”: |
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244 |
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245 <programlisting> |
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246 server { |
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247 listen 80 default_server; |
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248 server_name _; |
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249 return 444; |
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250 } |
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251 </programlisting> |
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252 |
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253 There is nothing special about this name, it is just one of a myriad |
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254 of invalid domain names which never intersect with any real name. |
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255 You may also use something like “--”, “!@#”, and so on. |
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256 </para> |
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257 |
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258 <para> |
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259 nginx versions up to 0.6.25 supported the special name “*” |
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260 which was erroneously interpreted to be a catch-all name. |
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261 It never functioned as a catch-all or wildcard server name. |
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262 Instead, it supplied the functionality that is now provided |
271 | 263 by the |
264 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> | |
265 directive. | |
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266 The special name “*” is now deprecated |
271 | 267 and the |
268 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> | |
269 directive should be used. | |
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270 Note that there is no way to specify the catch-all name or |
271 | 271 the <i>default</i> server using the |
272 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/> | |
273 directive. | |
274 This is a property of the | |
275 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> | |
276 directive | |
277 and not of the | |
278 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/> | |
279 directive. | |
374
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280 See also “<link doc="request_processing.xml"/>”. |
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281 You can define servers listening on ports *:80 and *:8080, |
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282 and direct that one will be the default server for port *:8080, |
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283 while the other will be the default for port *:80: |
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284 |
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285 <programlisting> |
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286 server { |
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287 listen 80; |
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288 listen 8080 default_server; |
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289 server_name example.net; |
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290 ... |
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291 } |
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292 |
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293 server { |
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294 listen 80 default_server; |
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295 listen 8080; |
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296 server_name example.org; |
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297 ... |
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298 } |
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299 </programlisting> |
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300 </para> |
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301 |
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302 |
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303 </section> |
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304 |
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305 |
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306 <section id="optimization" |
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307 name="Optimization"> |
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308 |
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309 <para> |
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310 Exact names and wildcard names are stored in hashes. |
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311 The hashes are bound to the listen ports and every listen port |
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312 may have up to three hashes: an exact names hash, a wildcard names hash |
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313 starting with an asterisk, and a wildcard names hash ending with an asterisk. |
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314 The sizes of the hashes are optimized at the configuration phase so that |
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315 a name can be found with the fewest CPU cache misses. |
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316 The exact names hash is searched first. |
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317 If a name is not found using the exact name hash, then the wildcard names hash |
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318 starting with an asterisk is searched. |
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319 If the name is not found there, the wildcard names hash |
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320 ending with an asterisk is searched. |
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321 Searching wildcard names hashes is slower than searching exact name hash |
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322 because names are searched by domain parts. |
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323 Note that the special wildcard form “<literal>.example.org</literal>” |
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324 is stored in a wildcard names hash and not in an exact names hash. |
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325 Regular expressions are tested sequentially |
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326 and therefore are the slowest method and are non-scalable. |
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327 </para> |
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328 |
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329 <para> |
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330 For these reasons, it is better to use exact names where possible. |
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331 For example, if the most frequently requested names of a server |
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332 are <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>www.example.org</literal>, |
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333 it is more efficient to define them explicitly: |
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334 |
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335 <programlisting> |
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336 server { |
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337 listen 80; |
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338 server_name example.org www.example.org *.example.org; |
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339 ... |
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340 } |
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341 </programlisting> |
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342 |
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343 than to use the simplified form: |
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344 |
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345 <programlisting> |
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346 server { |
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347 listen 80; |
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348 server_name .example.org; |
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349 ... |
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350 } |
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351 </programlisting> |
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352 </para> |
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353 |
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354 <para> |
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355 If you have defined a large number of server names, |
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356 or defined unusually long server names, you may need to tune |
271 | 357 the <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_max_size"/> |
358 and <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_bucket_size"/> | |
359 directives at the <i>http</i> level. | |
360 The default value of the | |
361 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_bucket_size"/> | |
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362 may be equal to 32, or 64, or another value, |
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363 depending on your CPU cache line size. |
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364 If the default value is 32 and you define |
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365 “too.long.server.name.example.org” as a server name, |
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366 then nginx will fail to start and display the error message: |
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367 |
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368 <programlisting> |
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369 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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370 you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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371 </programlisting> |
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372 |
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373 In this case, you should set the directive value to the next power of 2: |
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374 |
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375 <programlisting> |
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376 http { |
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377 server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; |
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378 ... |
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379 </programlisting> |
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380 |
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381 If you have defined a large number of server names, |
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382 you will get another error message: |
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383 |
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384 <programlisting> |
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385 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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386 you should increase either server_names_hash_max_size: 512 |
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387 or server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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388 </programlisting> |
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389 |
271 | 390 You should first try to set |
391 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_max_size"/> | |
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392 to a number close to the number of server names. |
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393 Only if this does not help, |
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394 or if nginx’s start time is unacceptably long, |
271 | 395 should you try to increase |
396 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_bucket_size"/>. | |
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397 </para> |
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398 |
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399 <para> |
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400 If a server is the only server for a listen port, then nginx will not test |
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401 server names at all (and will not build the hashes for the listen port). |
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402 However, there is one exception. |
271 | 403 If a |
404 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/> | |
405 is a regular expression with captures, | |
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406 then nginx has to execute the expression to get the captures. |
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407 </para> |
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408 |
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409 </section> |
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410 |
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411 |
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412 <section id="compatibility" |
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413 name="Compatibility"> |
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414 |
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415 <para> |
461 | 416 <list type="bullet"> |
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417 |
461 | 418 <listitem> |
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419 A default server name value is an empty name “” since 0.8.48. |
461 | 420 </listitem> |
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421 |
461 | 422 <listitem> |
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423 Named regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.8.25. |
461 | 424 </listitem> |
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425 |
461 | 426 <listitem> |
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427 Regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.7.40. |
461 | 428 </listitem> |
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429 |
461 | 430 <listitem> |
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431 An empty server name “” has been supported since 0.7.12. |
461 | 432 </listitem> |
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Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
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changeset
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433 |
461 | 434 <listitem> |
0
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
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435 A wildcard server name or regular expression has been supported for use |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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436 as the first server name since 0.6.25. |
461 | 437 </listitem> |
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61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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438 |
461 | 439 <listitem> |
0
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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440 Regular expression server names have been supported since 0.6.7. |
461 | 441 </listitem> |
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61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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442 |
461 | 443 <listitem> |
593
130fad6dc1b4
Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
589
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444 Wildcard form <literal>example.*</literal> has been supported since 0.6.0. |
461 | 445 </listitem> |
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61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
446 |
461 | 447 <listitem> |
593
130fad6dc1b4
Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
589
diff
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448 The special form <literal>.example.org</literal> has been supported since 0.3.18. |
461 | 449 </listitem> |
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61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
450 |
461 | 451 <listitem> |
593
130fad6dc1b4
Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
589
diff
changeset
|
452 Wildcard form <literal>*.example.org</literal> has been supported since 0.1.13. |
461 | 453 </listitem> |
0
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
454 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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455 </list> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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456 </para> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
457 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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458 </section> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
459 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
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460 </article> |