Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.xml @ 271:4c6d2c614d2c
Cleaned up XML tag mess:
- all of <parameter> and <code>, and some of <dirname>, <value>,
and <command> were replaced by <literal>;
- the rest of <dirname> were replaced by links;
- <argument> were replaced by <value>;
- <value> is now rendered in HTML in italic;
- <literal> and <path> can now contain <value>.
Cleaned up terminology mess:
- directives take "parameters".
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Fri, 23 Dec 2011 17:29:59 +0000 |
parents | c09d374c86c6 |
children | 95d5dc7c9884 |
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50 | 1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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3 <article name="Configuring HTTPS servers" |
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4 link="/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.html" |
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5 lang="en" |
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6 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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7 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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8 |
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9 <section> |
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10 |
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11 <para> |
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12 To configure an HTTPS server you must enable the SSL protocol |
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13 in the server block, and specify the locations of the server certificate |
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14 and private key files: |
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15 |
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16 <programlisting> |
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17 server { |
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18 listen 443; |
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19 server_name www.nginx.com; |
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20 ssl on; |
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21 ssl_certificate www.nginx.com.crt; |
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22 ssl_certificate_key www.nginx.com.key; |
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23 ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1; |
37
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24 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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25 ... |
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26 } |
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27 </programlisting> |
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28 |
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29 The server certificate is a public entity. |
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30 It is sent to every client that connects to the server. |
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31 The private key is a secure entity and should be stored in a file with |
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32 restricted access, however, it must be readable by nginx’s master process. |
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33 The private key may alternately be stored in the same file as the certificate: |
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34 |
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35 <programlisting> |
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36 ssl_certificate www.nginx.com.cert; |
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37 ssl_certificate_key www.nginx.com.cert; |
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38 </programlisting> |
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39 |
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40 in which case the file access rights should also be restricted. |
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41 Although the certificate and the key are stored in one file, |
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42 only the certificate is sent to a client. |
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43 </para> |
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44 |
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45 <para> |
271 | 46 The directives <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_protocols"/> and |
47 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_ciphers"/> | |
48 can be used to limit connections | |
56 | 49 to include only the strong versions and ciphers of SSL/TLS. |
271 | 50 Since version 1.0.5, nginx uses “<literal>ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1</literal>” |
51 and “<literal>ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>” by default, | |
56 | 52 so configuring them explicitly only makes sense for the earlier nginx versions. |
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53 </para> |
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54 |
56 | 55 <para> |
56 CBC-mode ciphers might be vulnerable to a number of attacks and to | |
98 | 57 the BEAST attack in particular (see |
56 | 58 <a href="http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-3389">CVE-2011-3389</a>). |
59 Configuration of ciphers can be adjusted to prefer RC4-SHA as the following: | |
60 | |
61 <programlisting> | |
62 ssl_ciphers RC4:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; | |
63 ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; | |
64 </programlisting> | |
59
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65 </para> |
56 | 66 |
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67 </section> |
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68 |
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69 |
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70 <section id="optimization" name="HTTPS server optimization"> |
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71 |
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72 <para> |
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73 SSL operations consume extra CPU resources. |
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74 On multi-processor systems you should run several worker processes: |
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75 no less than the number of available CPU cores. |
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76 The most CPU-intensive operation is the SSL handshake. |
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77 There are two ways to minimize the number of these operations per client: |
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78 the first is by enabling keepalive connections to send several |
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79 requests via one connection and the second is to reuse SSL session |
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80 parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections. |
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81 The sessions are stored in an SSL session cache shared between workers |
271 | 82 and configured by the |
83 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_cache"/> | |
84 directive. | |
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85 One megabyte of the cache contains about 4000 sessions. |
271 | 86 The default cache timeout is 5 minutes. |
87 It can be increased by using the | |
88 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_timeout"/> | |
89 directive. | |
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90 Here is a sample configuration optimized for a quad core system |
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91 with 10M shared session cache: |
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92 |
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93 <programlisting> |
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94 <b>worker_processes 4</b>; |
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95 |
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96 http { |
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97 <b>ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m</b>; |
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98 <b>ssl_session_timeout 10m</b>; |
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99 |
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100 server { |
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101 listen 443; |
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102 server_name www.nginx.com; |
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103 <b>keepalive_timeout 70</b>; |
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104 |
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105 ssl on; |
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106 ssl_certificate www.nginx.com.crt; |
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107 ssl_certificate_key www.nginx.com.key; |
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108 ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1; |
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109 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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110 ... |
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111 </programlisting> |
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112 </para> |
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113 |
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114 </section> |
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115 |
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116 |
121
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117 <section id="chains" name="SSL certificate chains"> |
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118 |
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119 <para> |
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120 Some browsers may complain about a certificate signed by a well-known |
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121 certificate authority, while other browsers may accept the certificate |
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122 without issues. |
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123 This occurs because the issuing authority has signed the server certificate |
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124 using an intermediate certificate that is not present in the certificate |
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125 base of well-known trusted certificate authorities which is distributed |
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126 with a particular browser. |
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127 In this case the authority provides a bundle of chained certificates |
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128 which should be concatenated to the signed server certificate. |
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129 The server certificate must appear before the chained certificates |
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130 in the combined file: |
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131 |
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132 <programlisting> |
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133 $ cat www.nginx.com.crt bundle.crt > www.nginx.com.chained.crt |
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134 </programlisting> |
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135 |
271 | 136 The resulting file should be used in the |
137 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_certificate"/> | |
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138 directive: |
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139 |
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140 <programlisting> |
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141 server { |
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142 listen 443; |
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143 server_name www.nginx.com; |
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144 ssl on; |
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145 ssl_certificate www.nginx.com.chained.crt; |
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146 ssl_certificate_key www.nginx.com.key; |
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147 ... |
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148 } |
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149 </programlisting> |
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150 |
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151 If the server certificate and the bundle have been concatenated in the wrong |
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152 order, nginx will fail to start and will display the error message: |
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153 |
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154 <programlisting> |
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155 SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(" ... /www.nginx.com.key") failed |
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156 (SSL: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines: |
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157 X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch) |
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158 </programlisting> |
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159 |
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160 because nginx has tried to use the private key with the bundle’s |
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161 first certificate instead of the server certificate. |
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162 </para> |
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163 |
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164 <para> |
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165 Browsers usually store intermediate certificates which they receive |
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166 and which are signed by trusted authorities, so actively used browsers |
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167 may already have the required intermediate certificates and |
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168 may not complain about a certificate sent without a chained bundle. |
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169 To ensure the server sends the complete certificate chain, |
266 | 170 you may use the <command>openssl</command> command-line utility, for example: |
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171 |
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172 <programlisting> |
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173 $ openssl s_client -connect www.godaddy.com:443 |
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174 ... |
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175 Certificate chain |
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176 0 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3=US |
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177 /1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2=AZ/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc |
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178 /OU=MIS Department/<b>CN=www.GoDaddy.com</b> |
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179 /serialNumber=0796928-7/2.5.4.15=V1.0, Clause 5.(b) |
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180 i:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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181 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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182 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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183 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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184 1 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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185 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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186 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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187 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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188 i:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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189 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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190 2 s:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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191 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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192 i:/L=ValiCert Validation Network/O=<b>ValiCert, Inc.</b> |
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193 /OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority |
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194 /CN=http://www.valicert.com//emailAddress=info@valicert.com |
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195 ... |
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196 </programlisting> |
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197 |
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198 In this example the subject (“<i>s</i>”) of the |
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199 <url>www.GoDaddy.com</url> server certificate #0 is signed by an issuer |
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200 (“<i>i</i>”) which itself is the subject of the certificate #1, |
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201 which is signed by an issuer which itself is the subject of the certificate #2, |
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202 which signed by the well-known issuer <i>ValiCert, Inc.</i> |
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203 whose certificate is stored in the browsers’ built-in |
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204 certificate base (that lay in the house that Jack built). |
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205 </para> |
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206 |
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207 <para> |
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208 If you have not added the certificates bundle, you will see only your server |
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209 certificate #0. |
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210 </para> |
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211 |
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212 </section> |
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213 |
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214 |
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215 <section id="single_http_https_server" name="A single HTTP/HTTPS server"> |
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216 |
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217 <para> |
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218 It is good practice to configure separate servers for HTTP and HTTPS |
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219 protocols from the very start. Although their functionalities currently |
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220 seem equal, this may change significantly in the future |
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221 and using a consolidated server may become problematic. |
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222 However, if HTTP and HTTPS servers are equal, |
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223 and you prefer not to think about the future, |
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224 you may configure a single server that handles both HTTP and HTTPS requests |
271 | 225 by deleting the directive “<literal>ssl on</literal>” |
226 and adding the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter for *:443 port: | |
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227 |
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228 <programlisting> |
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229 server { |
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230 listen 80; |
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231 listen 443 ssl; |
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232 server_name www.nginx.com; |
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233 ssl_certificate www.nginx.com.crt; |
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234 ssl_certificate_key www.nginx.com.key; |
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235 ... |
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236 } |
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237 </programlisting> |
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238 |
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239 <note> |
271 | 240 Prior to 0.8.21, nginx only allows the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter |
241 to be set on listen sockets with the <literal>default</literal> parameter: | |
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242 <programlisting> |
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243 listen 443 default ssl; |
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244 </programlisting> |
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245 </note> |
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246 </para> |
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247 |
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248 </section> |
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249 |
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250 |
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251 <section id="name_based_https_servers" name="Name-based HTTPS servers"> |
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252 |
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253 <para> |
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254 A common issue arises when configuring two or more HTTPS servers |
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255 listening on a single IP address: |
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256 |
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257 <programlisting> |
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258 server { |
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259 listen 443; |
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260 server_name www.nginx.com; |
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261 ssl on; |
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262 ssl_certificate www.nginx.com.crt; |
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263 ... |
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264 } |
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265 |
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266 server { |
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267 listen 443; |
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268 server_name www.nginx.org; |
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269 ssl on; |
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270 ssl_certificate www.nginx.org.crt; |
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271 ... |
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272 } |
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273 </programlisting> |
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274 |
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275 With this configuration a browser receives the certificate of the default |
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276 server, i.e., <url>www.nginx.com</url> regardless of the requested server name. |
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277 This is caused by SSL protocol behaviour. The SSL connection is established |
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278 before the browser sends an HTTP request and nginx does not know |
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279 the name of the requested server. Therefore, it may only offer the certificate |
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280 of the default server. |
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281 </para> |
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282 |
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283 <para> |
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284 The oldest and most robust method to resolve the issue |
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285 is to assign a separate IP address for every HTTPS server: |
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286 |
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287 <programlisting> |
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288 server { |
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289 listen 192.168.1.1:443; |
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290 server_name www.nginx.com; |
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291 ssl on; |
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292 ssl_certificate www.nginx.com.crt; |
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293 ... |
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294 } |
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295 |
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296 server { |
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297 listen 192.168.1.2:443; |
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298 server_name www.nginx.org; |
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299 ssl on; |
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300 ssl_certificate www.nginx.org.crt; |
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301 ... |
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302 } |
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303 </programlisting> |
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304 </para> |
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305 |
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306 </section> |
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307 |
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308 |
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309 <section id="certificate_with_several_names" |
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310 name="A SSL certificate with several names"> |
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311 |
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312 <para> |
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313 There are other ways to share a single IP address between several |
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314 HTTPS servers, however, all of them have drawbacks. |
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315 One way is to use a certificate with several names in |
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316 the SubjectAltName certificate field, for example, <url>www.nginx.com</url> |
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317 and <url>www.nginx.org</url>. |
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318 However, the SubjectAltName field length is limited. |
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319 </para> |
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320 |
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321 <para> |
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322 Another way is to use a certificate with a wildcard name, for example, |
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323 <url>*.nginx.org</url>. This certificate matches |
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324 <url>www.nginx.org</url>, but does not match <url>nginx.org</url> |
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325 and <url>www.sub.nginx.org</url>. These two methods can also be combined. |
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326 A certificate may contain exact and wildcard names in the SubjectAltName field, |
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327 for example, <url>nginx.org</url> and <url>*.nginx.org</url>. |
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328 </para> |
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329 |
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330 <para> |
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331 It is better to place a certificate file with several names and |
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332 its private key file at the <i>http</i> level of configuration |
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333 to inherit their single memory copy in all servers: |
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334 |
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335 <programlisting> |
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336 ssl_certificate common.crt; |
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337 ssl_certificate_key common.key; |
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338 |
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339 server { |
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340 listen 443; |
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341 server_name www.nginx.com; |
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342 ssl on; |
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343 ... |
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344 } |
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345 |
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346 server { |
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347 listen 443; |
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348 server_name www.nginx.org; |
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349 ssl on; |
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350 ... |
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351 } |
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352 </programlisting> |
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353 </para> |
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354 |
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355 </section> |
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356 |
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357 |
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358 <section id="sni" name="Server Name Indication"> |
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359 |
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360 <para> |
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361 A more generic solution for running several HTTPS servers on a single |
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362 IP address is |
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363 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication">TLSv1.1 |
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364 Server Name Indication extension</a> (SNI, RFC3546), |
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365 which allows a browser to pass a requested server name during the SSL handshake |
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366 and, therefore, the server will know which certificate it should use |
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367 for the connection. |
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368 However, SNI has limited browser support. |
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369 Currently it is supported starting with the following browsers versions: |
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370 </para> |
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371 |
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372 <list> |
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373 |
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374 <item> |
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375 Opera 8.0; |
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376 </item> |
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377 |
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378 <item> |
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379 MSIE 7.0 (but only on Windows Vista or higher); |
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380 </item> |
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381 |
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382 <item> |
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383 Firefox 2.0 and other browsers using Mozilla Platform rv:1.8.1; |
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384 </item> |
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385 |
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386 <item> |
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387 Safari 3.2.1 (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher); |
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388 </item> |
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389 |
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390 <item> |
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391 and Chrome (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher, too). |
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392 </item> |
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393 |
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394 </list> |
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395 |
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396 <para> |
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397 In order to use SNI in nginx, it must be supported in both the |
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398 OpenSSL library with which the nginx binary has been built as well as |
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399 the library to which it is being dynamically linked at run time. |
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400 OpenSSL supports SNI since 0.9.8f version if it was built with config option |
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401 <nobr>“--enable-tlsext”.</nobr> |
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402 Since OpenSSL 0.9.8j this option is enabled by default. |
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403 If nginx was built with SNI support, then nginx will show this |
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404 when run with the “-V” switch: |
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405 |
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406 <programlisting> |
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407 $ nginx -V |
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408 ... |
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409 TLS SNI support enabled |
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410 ... |
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411 </programlisting> |
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412 |
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413 However, if the SNI-enabled nginx is linked dynamically to |
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414 an OpenSSL library without SNI support, nginx displays the warning: |
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415 |
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416 <programlisting> |
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417 nginx was built with SNI support, however, now it is linked |
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418 dynamically to an OpenSSL library which has no tlsext support, |
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419 therefore SNI is not available |
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420 </programlisting> |
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421 </para> |
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422 |
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423 </section> |
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424 |
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425 |
121
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Unified <section> syntax for "article" and "module" documents.
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426 <section id="compatibility" name="Compatibility"> |
0
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427 |
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428 <para> |
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429 <list> |
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430 |
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431 <item> |
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432 The SNI support status has been shown by the “-V” switch |
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433 since 0.8.21 and 0.7.62. |
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434 </item> |
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435 |
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436 <item> |
271 | 437 The <literal>ssl</literal> parameter of the |
438 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> | |
0
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439 directive has been supported since 0.7.14. |
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440 </item> |
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441 |
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442 <item> |
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443 SNI has been supported since 0.5.32. |
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444 </item> |
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445 |
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446 <item> |
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447 The shared SSL session cache has been supported since 0.5.6. |
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448 </item> |
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449 |
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450 </list> |
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451 </para> |
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452 |
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453 <para> |
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454 <list> |
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455 |
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456 <item> |
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457 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.19 and later: the default SSL protocols are SSLv3 and TLSv1. |
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458 </item> |
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459 |
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460 <item> |
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461 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL protocols are SSLv2, |
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462 SSLv3, and TLSv1. |
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463 </item> |
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464 |
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465 </list> |
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466 </para> |
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467 |
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468 <para> |
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469 <list> |
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470 |
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471 <item> |
43
662995d3e647
Update of SSL ciphers in latest nginx versions.
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472 Version 1.0.5 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 473 “<literal>HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>”. |
43
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474 </item> |
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475 |
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476 <item> |
0
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477 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.20 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 478 “<literal>HIGH:!ADH:!MD5</literal>”. |
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479 </item> |
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480 |
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481 <item> |
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482 Version 0.8.19: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 483 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM</literal>”. |
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484 </item> |
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485 |
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486 <item> |
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487 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL ciphers are<br/> |
271 | 488 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP</literal>”. |
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489 </item> |
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490 |
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491 </list> |
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492 </para> |
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493 |
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494 |
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495 </section> |
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496 |
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497 |
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498 </article> |