Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/he/docs/http/server_names.xml @ 2636:a0824dab33ff
nginx-1.19.6
author | Maxim Dounin <mdounin@mdounin.ru> |
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date | Tue, 15 Dec 2020 17:57:20 +0300 |
parents | 130fad6dc1b4 |
children | ff357b676c2e |
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50 | 1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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2 |
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3 <article name="שמות שרת" |
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4 link="/he/docs/http/server_names.html" |
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5 lang="he" |
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6 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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7 translator="מבזקים.נט"> |
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8 |
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9 <section> |
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10 |
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11 <para> |
271 | 12 שמות שרת מוגדרים על ידי המאפיין <literal>server_name</literal> |
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13 והם קובעים איזה בלוק תצורת שרת מקובץ התצורה יהיה בשימוש לכל בקשה ובקשה לשרת. |
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14 ראו גם “<link doc="../../../en/docs/http/request_processing.xml" />”. |
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15 ניתן להגדירם באמצעות שמות מדוייקים, שמות Wildcard, או באמצעות ביטויים רגולריים: |
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16 |
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17 <programlisting> |
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18 server { |
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19 listen 80; |
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20 server_name example.org www.example.org; |
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21 ... |
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22 } |
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23 |
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24 server { |
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25 listen 80; |
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26 server_name *.example.org; |
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27 ... |
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28 } |
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29 |
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30 server { |
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31 listen 80; |
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32 server_name mail.*; |
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33 ... |
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34 } |
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35 |
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36 server { |
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37 listen 80; |
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38 server_name ~^(?<user>.+)\.example\.net$; |
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39 ... |
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40 } |
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41 </programlisting> |
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42 |
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43 השמות נבדקים בסדר הבא: |
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44 |
461 | 45 <list type="enum"> |
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46 |
461 | 47 <listitem> |
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48 שמות מדוייקים; |
461 | 49 </listitem> |
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50 |
461 | 51 <listitem> |
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52 שמות Wildcard המתחילים בכוכבית: <literal>*.example.org</literal>; |
461 | 53 </listitem> |
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54 |
461 | 55 <listitem> |
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56 שמות Wildcard המסתיימים בכוכבית: <literal>mail.*</literal>; |
461 | 57 </listitem> |
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58 |
461 | 59 <listitem> |
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60 ביטויים רגולריים לפי הסדר שבו הם מופיעים בקובץ התצורה. |
461 | 61 </listitem> |
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62 |
461 | 63 </list> |
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64 ההתאמה הראשונה עוצרת את החיפוש. |
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65 </para> |
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66 |
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67 </section> |
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68 |
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69 |
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70 <section id="wildcard_names" |
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71 name="שמות Wildcard"> |
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72 |
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73 <para> |
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74 שם wildcard יכול להכיל כוכבית רק בתחילת או בסוף השם, וחייב להיות בגבול של נקודה. |
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75 השמות <literal>www.*.example.org</literal> |
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76 ו <literal>w*.example.org</literal> הם שגויים. |
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77 למרות זאת, ניתן לציין שמות כאלה באמצעות ביטויים רגולריים, |
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78 לדוגמא, <literal>~^www\..+\.example\.org$</literal> ו |
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79 <literal>~^w.*\.example\.org$</literal>. |
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80 סימן הכוכבית יכול להחליף מספר חלקי שם. |
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81 השם <literal>*.example.org</literal> מתאים לא רק ל |
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82 <literal>www.example.org</literal> אלא גם ל <literal>www.sub.example.org</literal>. |
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83 </para> |
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84 |
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85 <para> |
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86 ניתן להשתמש ב wildcard מיוחד בצורה של <literal>.example.org</literal> |
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87 כדי להתאים גם לשם המדוייק <literal>example.org</literal> |
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88 וגם לשם ה wildcard הבא: <literal>*.example.org</literal>. |
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89 </para> |
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90 |
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91 </section> |
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92 |
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93 |
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94 <section id="regex_names" |
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95 name="שמות ביטויים רגולריים"> |
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96 |
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97 <para> |
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98 הביטויים הרגולריים ש nginx משתמש בהם, תואמים לאלה אשר נמצאים בשימוש |
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99 בשפת פרל (PCRE). |
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100 כדי להשתמש בביטוי רגולרי, על שם השרת להתחיל עם סימן הטילדה (~), כך: |
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101 |
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102 <programlisting> |
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103 server_name ~^www\d+\.example\.net$; |
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104 </programlisting> |
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105 |
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106 אחרת nginx יתייחס אליו כשם מדוייק, או אם הביטוי מכיל כוכבית, כשם wildcard (וסביר |
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107 להניח שיהיה שגוי). |
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108 אל תשכחו להגדיר עוגני |
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109 “^” ו “$”. |
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110 הם לא דרושים תחבירית, אם כי לוגית. |
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111 כמו כן שימו לב שהנקודות של שם המתלם צריכות להיות מוברחות (escaped) על ידי לוכסן הפוך (\). |
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112 ביטוי רגולרי המכיל את התווים “{” |
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113 ו “}” צריך להיות במרכאות: |
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114 |
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115 <programlisting> |
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116 server_name "~^(?<name>\w\d<b>{</b>1,3<b>}</b>+)\.example\.net$"; |
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117 </programlisting> |
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118 |
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119 אחרת nginx יכשל בעלייה, ויציג את הודעת השגיאה הבאה: |
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120 |
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121 <programlisting> |
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122 directive "server_name" is not terminated by ";" in ... |
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123 </programlisting> |
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124 |
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125 ביטוי רגולרי שניתן לו שם ונלכד, ניתן לשימוש מאוחר יותר כמשתנה: |
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126 |
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127 <programlisting> |
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128 server { |
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129 server_name ~^(www\.)?(<b>?<domain></b>.+)$; |
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130 |
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131 location / { |
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132 root /sites/<b>$domain</b>; |
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133 } |
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134 } |
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135 </programlisting> |
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136 |
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137 ספריית PCRE תומכת בלכידות מבוססות שם לפי התחביר הבא: |
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138 |
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139 <table note="yes"> |
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140 |
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141 <tr> |
271 | 142 <td><literal>?<<value>name</value>></literal></td> |
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143 <td>תחביר תואם פרל 5.10, נתמך החל מ PCRE-7.0</td> |
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144 </tr> |
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145 |
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146 <tr> |
271 | 147 <td><literal>?'<value>name</value>'</literal></td> |
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148 <td>תחביר תואם פרל 5.10, נתמך החל מ PCRE-7.0</td> |
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149 </tr> |
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150 |
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151 <tr> |
271 | 152 <td><literal>?P<<value>name</value>></literal></td> |
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153 <td>תחביר תואם פייתון, נתמך החל מ PCRE-4.0</td> |
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154 </tr> |
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155 |
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156 </table> |
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157 |
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158 אם nginx נכשל בעלייה ומציג את הודעת השגיאה הבאה: |
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159 |
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160 <programlisting> |
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161 pcre_compile() failed: unrecognized character after (?< in ... |
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162 </programlisting> |
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163 |
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164 פירוש הדבר שספריית ה PCRE היא ישנה, ועליכם לנסות את התחביר |
271 | 165 <literal>?P<<value>name</value>></literal>. |
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166 |
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167 את הלכידה ניתן לבצע גם בצורה ספרתית: |
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168 |
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169 <programlisting> |
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170 server { |
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171 server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$; |
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172 |
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173 location / { |
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174 root /sites/<b>$2</b>; |
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175 } |
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176 } |
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177 </programlisting> |
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178 |
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179 אך יש להשתמש בצורה זו במקרים פשוטים (כמו לעיל), כיוון שהייחוסים הספרתיים |
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180 יכולים להידרס בקלות |
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181 </para> |
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182 |
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183 |
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184 </section> |
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185 |
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186 |
121
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187 <section id="miscellaneous_names" |
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188 name="שמות כלליים"> |
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189 |
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190 <para> |
271 | 191 אם אף <literal>server_name</literal> לא מוגדר בבלוג שרת, |
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192 אזי nginx משתמש ב <i>hostname</i> בתור שם השרת. |
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193 </para> |
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194 |
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195 <para> |
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196 אם ברצונכם לעבד בקשות בלי שורת כותר “Host” |
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197 בבלוק שרת שאינו ברירת המחדל, עליכם לציין שם ריק: |
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198 |
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199 <programlisting> |
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200 server { |
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201 listen 80; |
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202 server_name example.org www.example.org ""; |
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203 ... |
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204 } |
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205 </programlisting> |
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206 </para> |
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207 |
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208 <para> |
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209 אם מישהו מבצע בקשה באמצעות כתובת IP במקום שם שרת, שורת הכותר |
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210 “Host” תכיל כתובת IP, ואפשר יהיה לטפל בבקשה על ידי |
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211 שימוש בכתובת IP בשם השרת: |
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212 |
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213 <programlisting> |
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214 server { |
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215 listen 80; |
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216 server_name example.org |
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217 www.example.org |
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218 "" |
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219 <b>192.168.1.1</b> |
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220 ; |
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221 ... |
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222 } |
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223 </programlisting> |
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224 </para> |
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225 |
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226 <para> |
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227 בדוגמאות catch-all ייתכן ותראו את השם המוזר “_”: |
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228 |
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229 <programlisting> |
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230 server { |
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231 listen 80 default_server; |
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232 server_name _; |
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233 return 444; |
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234 } |
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235 </programlisting> |
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236 |
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237 אין שום דבר מוזר בשם הזה, הוא רק אחד משלל שמות מתחם שגויים שלעולם לא |
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238 תפגשו בהם בשם אמיתי. |
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239 ניתן להשתמש גם ב “--”, “!@#”, וכך הלאה. |
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240 </para> |
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241 |
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242 <para> |
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243 nginx בגירסאות עד 0.6.25 תמך בשם המיוחד “*” |
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244 אשר יש שפירשו אותו בטעות כשם catch-all. |
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245 השם הזה מעולם לא תפקד כ catch-all ואף לא כשם wildcard. |
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246 בפועל, הוא סיפק את הפונקציונליות שהיום מסופקת על ידי |
271 | 247 המאפיין <literal>server_name_in_redirect</literal>. |
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248 השם המיוחד “*” הוא כעת לא מומלץ לשימוש, ויש |
271 | 249 להשתמש במאפיין <literal>server_name_in_redirect</literal> במקומו. |
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250 שימו לב שאין דרך לציין את שם ה catch-all או את שרת <i>ברירת המחדל</i> |
271 | 251 על ידי שימוש במאפיין <literal>server_name</literal>. |
252 זוהי תכונה של המאפיין <literal>listen</literal> ולא של המאפיין <literal>server_name</literal>. | |
374
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253 ראו גם “<link doc="../../../en/docs/http/request_processing.xml" />”. |
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254 |
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255 באפשרותכם להגדיר שרתים המאזינים על פורטים <literal>*:80</literal> ו <literal>*:8080</literal>, |
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256 ולהגדיר שרת אחת שהוא ברירת המחדל עבור פורט |
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257 <literal>*:8080</literal>, בעוד שהשני יהיה ברירת מחדל עבור פורט <literal>*:80</literal>: |
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258 |
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259 <programlisting> |
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260 server { |
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261 listen 80; |
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262 listen 8080 default_server; |
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263 server_name example.net; |
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264 ... |
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265 } |
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266 |
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267 server { |
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268 listen 80 default_server; |
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269 listen 8080; |
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270 server_name example.org; |
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271 ... |
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272 } |
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273 </programlisting> |
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274 </para> |
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275 |
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276 |
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277 </section> |
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278 |
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279 |
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280 <section id="optimization" |
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281 name="ייעול"> |
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282 |
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283 <para> |
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284 |
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285 שמות מדוייקים ושמות wildcard מאוחסנים בגיבוב (hash). |
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286 הגיבובים מקושרים להאזנות לפורטים, ולכן פורט האזנה יכולים להיות |
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287 עד שלושה גיבויים: גיבוב שם מדוייק, גיבוי שמות wildcard שמתחילים |
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288 בכוכבית, וגיבוב שמות wildcard שמסתיימים בכוכבית. |
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289 הגודל של הגיבובים מיועל בשלב התצורה כך שניתן יהיה למצוא שם |
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290 עם הכי מעט פספוסי מטמון מעבד. |
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291 גיבוב השמות המדוייקים עובר חיפוש ראשון. |
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292 אם שם לא נמצא בגיבוב השמות המדוייק, מתחיל חיפוש בגיבוב השמות המתחילים |
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293 בכוכבית. |
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294 אם הוא לא נמצא גם שם, מתחיל חיפוש בגיבוב השמות המסתיימים בכוכבית. |
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295 חיפוש בגיבובי שמות wildcard הוא איטי יותר מחיפוש שם בגיבוב השמות המדוייקים |
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296 כיוון ששמות עוברים חיפוש על פי חלקי שם המתחם. |
490
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297 שימו לב שצורת ה wildcard המיוחדת <literal>.example.org</literal> |
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298 שמורה גם היא בגיבוב שמות ה wildcard ולא בגיבוב השמות המדוייקים. |
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299 ביטויים רגולריים נבדקים באופן סדרתי, ועל כן הם השיטה האיטית ביותר |
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300 ואינם סקאלאביליים. |
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301 </para> |
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302 |
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303 <para> |
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304 בהתחשב בנסיבות אלה, הכי טוב להשתמש בשמות מדוייקים בכל מקום שהדבר אפשרי. |
593
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305 לדוגמה, אם השמות הנפוצים ביותר לשרת הם <literal>example.org</literal> ו <literal>www.example.org</literal>, |
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306 יותר יעיל להגדיר אותם באופן מפורש: |
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307 |
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308 <programlisting> |
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309 server { |
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310 listen 80; |
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311 server_name example.org www.example.org *.example.org; |
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312 ... |
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313 } |
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314 </programlisting> |
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315 |
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316 מאשר להשתמש בשיטה המופשטת: |
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317 |
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318 <programlisting> |
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319 server { |
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320 listen 80; |
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321 server_name .example.org; |
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322 ... |
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323 } |
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324 </programlisting> |
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325 </para> |
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326 |
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327 <para> |
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328 אם הגדרתם מספר גדול של שמות שרת, או שהגדרתם שמות שרת ארוכים מהרגיל, |
271 | 329 ייתכן ויהיה עליכם לכוונן את המאפיינים <literal>server_names_hash_max_size</literal> |
330 ו <literal>server_names_hash_bucket_size</literal> ברמת ה <i>http</i>. | |
331 ערך ברירת המחדל של <literal>server_names_hash_bucket_size</literal> | |
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332 יכול להיות שווה ל 32, ל 64, או לערך אחר, בהתאם לגודל קו המטמון של המעבד שלכם. |
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333 אם ברירת המחדל היא 32 ותגדירו |
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334 “too.long.server.name.example.org” בתור שם שרת, |
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335 אזי nginx ייכשל בעלייה ויציג את הודעת השגיאה הבאה: |
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336 |
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337 <programlisting> |
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338 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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339 you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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340 </programlisting> |
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341 |
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342 במקרה זה, עליכם להגדיר את ערך המאפיין לחזקה הבאה של 2: |
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343 |
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344 <programlisting> |
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345 http { |
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346 server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; |
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347 ... |
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348 </programlisting> |
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349 |
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350 אם הגדרתם כמות גדולה של שמות שרת, אתם עלולים לקבל את הודעת השגיאה הבאה: |
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351 |
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352 <programlisting> |
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353 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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354 you should increase either server_names_hash_max_size: 512 |
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355 or server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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356 </programlisting> |
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357 |
271 | 358 עליכם לנסות קודם להגדיל את <literal>server_names_hash_max_size</literal> |
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359 למספר קרוב למספר השרתים. |
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360 רק אם זה לא עזר, או שזמן העלייה של nginx הוא ארוך בצורה מוגזמת, |
271 | 361 נסו להגדיל את <literal>server_names_hash_bucket_size</literal>. |
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362 </para> |
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363 |
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364 <para> |
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365 אם שרת הוא השרת היחיד עבור פורט האזנה, אזי nginx לא יבדוק שמות שרת בכלל |
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366 (ולא יבנה גיבובים עבור פורט ההאזנה). |
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367 אך, יש יוצא דופן אחד. |
271 | 368 אם <literal>server_name</literal> הוא ביטוי רגולרי עם לכידות, |
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369 nginx חייב לבצע את הביטוי כדי לקבל את מה שנלכד בהן. |
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370 </para> |
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371 |
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372 </section> |
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373 |
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374 |
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375 <section id="compatibility" |
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376 name="תאימות"> |
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377 |
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378 <para> |
461 | 379 <list type="bullet"> |
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380 |
461 | 381 <listitem> |
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382 לכידת שמות בביטויים רגולריים נתמכה החל מגירסה 0.8.25. |
461 | 383 </listitem> |
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384 |
461 | 385 <listitem> |
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386 לכידת ביטויים רגולריים נתמכה החל מגירסה 0.7.40. |
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387 |
461 | 388 </listitem> |
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389 |
461 | 390 <listitem> |
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391 שם שרת ריק “” נתמך החל מגירסה 0.7.12. |
461 | 392 </listitem> |
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393 |
461 | 394 <listitem> |
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395 שם שרת מסוג wildcard או ביטוי רגולרי נתמכו לשימוש כשם שרת ראשון החל מגירסה 0.6.25. |
461 | 396 </listitem> |
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397 |
461 | 398 <listitem> |
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399 שמות שרת כביטוי רגולרי נתמכו החל מגירסה 0.6.7. |
461 | 400 </listitem> |
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401 |
461 | 402 <listitem> |
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403 צורות Wildcard מסוג <literal>example.*</literal> נתמכו החל מגירסה 0.6.0. |
461 | 404 </listitem> |
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405 |
461 | 406 <listitem> |
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407 הצורה המיוחדת <literal>.example.org</literal> נתמכה החל מגירסה 0.3.18. |
461 | 408 </listitem> |
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409 |
461 | 410 <listitem> |
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411 הצורה <literal>*.example.org</literal> נתמכה החל מגירסה 0.1.13. |
461 | 412 </listitem> |
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413 |
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414 </list> |
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415 </para> |
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416 |
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417 </section> |
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418 |
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419 </article> |