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annotate xml/en/docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.xml @ 580:be54c443235a

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Added copyright markers to documentation sources.
author Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
date Tue, 10 Jul 2012 12:59:42 +0000
parents 95a970603b0f
children 764fbac1b8b4
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1 <?xml version="1.0"?>
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2
580
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3 <!--
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4 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev
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5 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
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6 -->
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7
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8 <!DOCTYPE module SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/module.dtd">
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9
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10 <module name="Module ngx_http_rewrite_module"
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11 link="/en/docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.html"
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12 lang="en">
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13
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14 <section id="summary">
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15
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16 <para>
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17 The <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module allows to
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18 change URIs using regular expressions, return redirects, and
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19 conditionally select configurations.
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20 </para>
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21
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22 <para>
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23 The <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module directives are
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24 processed in the following order:
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25 <list type="bullet">
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26
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27 <listitem>
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28 the directives of this module specified on the
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29 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> level are processed;
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30 </listitem>
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31
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32 <listitem>
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33 a location for a request is searched;
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34 </listitem>
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35
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36 <listitem>
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37 the directives of this module specified in the selected
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38 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="location"/> are processed,
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39 and if they changed a URI, a new location is searched for the new URI.
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40 This cycle may be repeated up to 10 times after which the error
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41 <http-status code="500" text="Internal Server Error"/> is returned.
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42 </listitem>
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43
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44 </list>
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45 </para>
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46
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47 </section>
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48
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49
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50 <section id="directives" name="Directives">
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51
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52 <directive name="break">
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53 <syntax/>
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54 <default/>
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55 <context>server</context>
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56 <context>location</context>
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57 <context>if</context>
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58
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59 <para>
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60 Stops processing the current set of
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61 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> directives.
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62 </para>
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63
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64 <para>
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65 Example:
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66 <example>
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67 if ($slow) {
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68 limit_rate 10k;
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69 break;
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70 }
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71 </example>
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72 </para>
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73
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74 </directive>
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75
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76
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77 <directive name="if">
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78 <syntax block="yes">(<value>condition</value>)</syntax>
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79 <default/>
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80 <context>server</context>
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81 <context>location</context>
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82
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83 <para>
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84 The specified <value>condition</value> is evaluated.
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85 If true, the directives of this module specified inside the braces are
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86 executed, and a request is assigned the configuration inside the
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87 <literal>if</literal> directive.
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88 Configurations inside the <literal>if</literal> directives are
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89 inherited from the previous configuration level.
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90 </para>
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91
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92 <para>
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93 A condition may be any of the following:
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94 <list type="bullet">
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95
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96 <listitem>
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97 a variable name; false if the value of a variable is an empty string
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98 or any string starting with “<literal>0</literal>”;
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99 </listitem>
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100
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101 <listitem>
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102 comparing a variable with a string using the
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103 “<literal>=</literal>” and “<literal>!=</literal>” operators;
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104 </listitem>
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105
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106 <listitem>
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107 matching a variable against a regular expression using the
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108 “<literal>~</literal>” (for case-sensitive matching) and
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109 “<literal>~*</literal>” (for case-insensitive matching) operators.
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110 Regular expressions can contain captures that are made available for
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111 later reuse in the <var>$1</var>..<var>$9</var> variables.
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112 Negative operators “<literal>!~</literal>” and “<literal>!~*</literal>”
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113 are also available.
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114 If a regular expression includes the characters “<literal>}</literal>”
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115 or “<literal>;</literal>”, the whole expressions should be enclosed
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116 in single or double quotes.
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117 </listitem>
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118
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119 <listitem>
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120 checking a file existence with the “<literal>-f</literal>” and
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121 “<literal>!-f</literal>” operators;
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122 </listitem>
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123
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124 <listitem>
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125 checking a directory existence with the “<literal>-d</literal>” and
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126 “<literal>!-d</literal>” operators;
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127 </listitem>
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128
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129 <listitem>
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130 checking a file, directory, or symbolic link existence with the
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131 “<literal>-e</literal>” and “<literal>!-e</literal>” operators;
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132 </listitem>
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133
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134 <listitem>
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135 checking for an executable file with operators “<literal>-x</literal>”
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136 and “<literal>!-x</literal>” operators.
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137 </listitem>
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138
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139 </list>
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140 </para>
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141
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142 <para>
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143 Examples:
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144 <example>
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145 if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
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146 rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break;
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147 }
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148
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149 if ($http_cookie ~* "id=([^;]+)(?:;|$)") {
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150 set $id $1;
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151 }
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152
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153 if ($request_method = POST) {
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154 return 405;
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155 }
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156
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157 if ($slow) {
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158 limit_rate 10k;
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159 }
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160
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161 if ($invalid_referer) {
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162 return 403;
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163 }
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164 </example>
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165 <note>
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166 A value of the embedded variable <var>$invalid_referer</var> is set by the
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167 <link doc="ngx_http_referer_module.xml" id="valid_referers"/> directive.
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168 </note>
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169 </para>
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170
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171 </directive>
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172
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173
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174 <directive name="return">
548
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175 <syntax><value>code</value> [<value>text</value>]</syntax>
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176 <syntax><value>code</value> <value>URL</value></syntax>
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177 <syntax><value>URL</value></syntax>
392
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178 <default/>
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179 <context>server</context>
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180 <context>location</context>
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181 <context>if</context>
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182
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183 <para>
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184 Stops processing and returns the specified <value>code</value> to a client.
548
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185 The non-standard code 444 closes a connection without sending
392
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186 a response header.
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187 </para>
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188
548
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189 <para>
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190 Starting from version 0.8.42, it is possible to specify
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191 either the URL of redirect (for codes 301, 302, 303, and 307),
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192 or the <value>text</value> of a response body (for other codes).
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193 A response body text or URL of redirect can contain variables.
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194 As a special case, a URL of redirect can be specified as a URI
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195 local to this server, in which case the full URL of redirect
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196 is formed according to the request scheme (<var>$scheme</var>) and the
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197 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> and
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198 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="port_in_redirect"/> directives.
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199 </para>
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200
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201 <para>
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202 In addition, a <value>URL</value> for temporary redirect with the code 302
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203 can be specified as the sole parameter.
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204 Such a parameter should start with the string “<literal>http://</literal>”,
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205 “<literal>https://</literal>”, or “<literal>$scheme</literal>”.
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206 A <value>URL</value> can contain variables.
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207 </para>
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208
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209 <para>
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210 <note>
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211 Only the following codes could be returned before version 0.7.51:
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212 204, 400, 402 — 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 416, and 500 — 504.
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213 </note>
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214
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215 <note>
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216 The code 307 was not treated as a redirect until versions 1.1.16 and 1.0.13.
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217 </note>
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218 </para>
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219
392
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220 </directive>
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221
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222
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223 <directive name="rewrite">
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224 <syntax>
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225 <value>regex</value>
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226 <value>replacement</value>
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227 [<value>flag</value>]</syntax>
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228 <default/>
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229 <context>server</context>
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230 <context>location</context>
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231 <context>if</context>
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232
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233 <para>
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234 If the specified regular expression matches a URI, the URI is changed
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235 as specified in the <value>replacement</value> string.
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236 The <literal>rewrite</literal> directives are executed sequentially
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237 in order of their appearance in the configuration file.
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238 Flags make it possible to terminate further processing of directives.
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239 If a replacement string starts with “<literal>http://</literal>”
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240 or “<literal>https://</literal>”, the processing stops and a
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241 redirect is returned to a client.
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242 </para>
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243
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244 <para>
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245 An optional <value>flag</value> parameter can be one of:
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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246 <list type="tag">
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247
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248 <tag-name><literal>last</literal></tag-name>
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249 <tag-desc>
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250 stops processing the current set of
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251 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> directives
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252 followed by a search for a new location matching the changed URI;
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253 </tag-desc>
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254
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255 <tag-name><literal>break</literal></tag-name>
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256 <tag-desc>
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257 stops processing the current set of
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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258 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> directives;
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259 </tag-desc>
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260
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261 <tag-name><literal>redirect</literal></tag-name>
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262 <tag-desc>
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263 returns a temporary redirect with the code 302;
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264 used if a replacement string does not start with
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265 “<literal>http://</literal>” or “<literal>https://</literal>”;
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266 </tag-desc>
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267
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268 <tag-name><literal>permanent</literal></tag-name>
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269 <tag-desc>
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270 returns a permanent redirect with the code 301.
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271 </tag-desc>
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272
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273 </list>
548
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274 The full URL of redirects is formed according to the
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275 request scheme (<var>$scheme</var>) and the
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276 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> and
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277 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="port_in_redirect"/> directives.
392
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278 </para>
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279
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280 <para>
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281 Example:
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282 <example>
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283 server {
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284 ...
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285 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 last;
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286 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra last;
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287 return 403;
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288 ...
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289 }
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290 </example>
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291 </para>
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292
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293 <para>
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294 But if these directives are put inside the “<literal>/download/</literal>”
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295 location, the <literal>last</literal> flag should be replaced by
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296 <literal>break</literal>, otherwise nginx will make 10 cycles and
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297 return the error 500:
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298 <example>
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299 location /download/ {
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300 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break;
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301 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra break;
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302 return 403;
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303 }
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304 </example>
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305 </para>
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306
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307 <para>
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308 If a <value>replacement</value> string includes the new request arguments,
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309 the previous request arguments are appended after them.
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310 If this is undesired, putting a question mark at the end of a replacement
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311 string avoids having them appended, for example:
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312 <example>
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313 rewrite ^/users/(.*)$ /show?user=$1? last;
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314 </example>
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315 </para>
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316
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317 <para>
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318 If a regular expression includes the characters “<literal>}</literal>”
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319 or “<literal>;</literal>”, the whole expressions should be enclosed
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320 in single or double quotes.
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321 </para>
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322
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323 </directive>
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324
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325
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326 <directive name="set">
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327 <syntax><value>variable</value> <value>value</value></syntax>
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328 <default/>
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329 <context>server</context>
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330 <context>location</context>
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331 <context>if</context>
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332
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333 <para>
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334 Sets a <value>value</value> for the specified <value>variable</value>.
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335 A <value>value</value> can contain text, variables, and their combination.
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336 </para>
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337
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338 </directive>
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339
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340
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341 <directive name="uninitialized_variable_warn">
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342 <syntax><literal>on</literal> | <literal>off</literal></syntax>
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343 <default>on</default>
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344 <context>http</context>
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345 <context>server</context>
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346 <context>location</context>
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347 <context>if</context>
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348
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349 <para>
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350 Controls whether warnings about uninitialized variables are logged.
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351 </para>
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352
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353 </directive>
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354
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355 </section>
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356
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357
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358 <section id="internals" name="Internal Implementation">
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359
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360 <para>
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361 The <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module directives
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362 are compiled during the configuration stage into internal instructions
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363 that are interpreted during request processing.
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364 An interpreter is a simple virtual stack machine.
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365 </para>
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366
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367 <para>
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368 For example, the directives
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369 <example>
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370 location /download/ {
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371 if ($forbidden) {
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372 return 403;
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373 }
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374
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375 if ($slow) {
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376 limit_rate 10k;
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377 }
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378
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379 rewrite ^/(download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ /$1/mp3/$2.mp3 break;
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380 }
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381 </example>
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382 will be translated into these instructions:
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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383 <example>
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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384 variable $forbidden
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385 check against zero
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386 return 403
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387 end of code
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388 variable $slow
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389 check against zero
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390 match of regular expression
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391 copy "/"
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392 copy $1
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393 copy "/mp3/"
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394 copy $2
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395 copy ".mp3"
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396 end of regular expression
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397 end of code
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398 </example>
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399 </para>
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400
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401 <para>
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402 Note that there are no instructions for the
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403 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="limit_rate"/>
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404 directive above as it is unrelated to the
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405 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module.
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406 A separate configuration is created for the <link id="if"/> block.
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407 If the condition holds true, a request is assigned this configuration
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408 where <literal>limit_rate</literal> equals to 10k.
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409 </para>
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410
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411 <para>
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412 The directive
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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413 <example>
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414 rewrite ^/(download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ /$1/mp3/$2.mp3 break;
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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415 </example>
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416 can be made smaller by one instruction if the first slash in the regular expression
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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417 is put inside the parentheses:
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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418 <example>
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419 rewrite ^(<emphasis>/</emphasis>download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break;
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420 </example>
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421 The corresponding instructions will then look like this:
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422 <example>
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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423 match of regular expression
5fd99d37a3e6 English translation of ngx_http_rewrite_module.
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424 copy $1
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425 copy "/mp3/"
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426 copy $2
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427 copy ".mp3"
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428 end of regular expression
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429 end of code
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430 </example>
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431 </para>
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432
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433 </section>
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434
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435 </module>