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annotate xml/ru/docs/http/request_processing.xml @ 522:ef11546f75ee

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Translated "request_processing" into Russian, removed "virtual_hosts" (which was a partly obsolete subset of "request_processing"), added Russian introduction.
author Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
date Thu, 24 May 2012 12:39:04 +0000
parents
children be54c443235a
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522
ef11546f75ee Translated "request_processing" into Russian, removed "virtual_hosts"
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1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd">
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2
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3 <article name="Как nginx обрабатывает запросы"
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4 link="/ru/docs/http/request_processing.html"
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5 lang="ru"
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6 author="Игорь Сысоев"
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7 editor="Brian Mercer">
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8
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9 <section name="Определение виртуального сервера по имени">
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10
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11 <para>
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12 nginx вначале решает, какой из серверов должен обработать запрос.
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13 Рассмотрим простую конфигурацию,
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14 где все три виртуальных сервера слушают на порту *:80:
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15 <programlisting>
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16 server {
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17 listen 80;
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18 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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19 ...
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20 }
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21
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22 server {
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23 listen 80;
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24 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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25 ...
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26 }
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27
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28 server {
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29 listen 80;
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30 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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31 ...
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32 }
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33 </programlisting>
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34
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35 </para>
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36
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37 <para>
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38 В этой конфигурации, чтобы определить, какому серверу следует направить
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39 запрос, nginx проверяет только поле <header>Host</header> заголовка запроса.
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40 Если его значение не соответствует ни одному из имён серверов
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41 или в заголовке запроса нет этого поля вовсе,
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42 nginx направит запрос в сервер по умолчанию для этого порта.
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43 В вышеприведённой конфигурации сервером по умолчанию будет первый сервер,
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44 что соответствует стандартному поведению nginx по умолчанию.
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45 Сервер по умолчанию можно задать явно с помощью параметра
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46 <literal>default_server</literal> в директиве
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47 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/>:
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48 <programlisting>
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49 server {
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50 listen 80 <b>default_server</b>;
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51 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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52 ...
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53 }
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54 </programlisting>
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55
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56 <note>
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57 Параметр <literal>default_server</literal> появился в
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58 версии 0.8.21.
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59 В более ранних версиях вместо него следует использовать параметр
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60 <literal>default</literal>.
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61 </note>
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62 Следует иметь в виду, что сервер по умолчанию является свойством
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63 слушающего порта, а не имени сервера.
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64 Подробнее это обсуждается ниже.
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65 </para>
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66
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67 </section>
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68
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69
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70 <section id="how_to_prevent_undefined_server_names"
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71 name="Как предотвратить обработку запросов без имени сервера">
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72
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73 <para>
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74 Если запросы без поля <header>Host</header> в заголовке не должны
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75 обрабатываться, можно определить сервер, который будет их отклонять:
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76 <programlisting>
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77 server {
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78 listen 80;
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79 server_name "";
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80 return 444;
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81 }
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82 </programlisting>
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83 Здесь в качестве имени сервера указана пустая строка, которая
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84 соответствует запросам без поля <header>Host</header> в заголовке,
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85 и возвращается специальный для nginx код 444, который закрывает
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86 соединение.
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87 <note>
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88 Начиная с версии 0.8.48 настройка <literal>server_name ""</literal>
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89 является стандартной и может явно не указываться.
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90 В более ранних версиях в качестве стандартного имени сервера
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91 выступало имя машины (hostname).
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92 </note>
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93 </para>
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94
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95 </section>
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96
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97
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98 <section id="mixed_name_ip_based_servers"
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99 name="Определение виртуального сервера по имени и IP-адресу">
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100
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101 <para>
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102 Рассмотрим более сложную конфигурацию,
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103 в которой некоторые виртуальные серверы слушают на разных адресах:
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104 <programlisting>
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105 server {
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106 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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107 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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108 ...
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109 }
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110
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111 server {
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112 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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113 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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114 ...
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115 }
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116
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117 server {
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118 listen 192.168.1.2:80;
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119 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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120 ...
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121 }
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122 </programlisting>
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123 В этой конфигурации nginx вначале сопоставляет IP-адрес и порт
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124 запроса с директивами
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125 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/>
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126 в блоках
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127 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>.
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128 Затем он сопоставляет значение поля <header>Host</header>
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129 заголовка запроса с директивами
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130 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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131 в блоках
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132 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>,
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133 которые соответствуют IP-адресу и порту.
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134 Если имя сервера не найдено, запрос будет обработан в
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135 сервере по умолчанию.
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136 Например, запрос <url>www.example.com</url>, пришедший на порт
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137 192.168.1.1:80, будет обработан сервером по умолчанию для порта
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138 192.168.1.1:80, т.е. первым сервером, т.к. для этого порта
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139 <url>www.example.com</url> не указан в списке имён серверов.
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140 </para>
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141
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142 <para>
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143 Как уже говорилось, сервер по умолчанию является свойством слушающего порта,
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144 поэтому у разных портов могут быть определены свои серверы по умолчанию:
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145 <programlisting>
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146 server {
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147 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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148 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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149 ...
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150 }
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151
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152 server {
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153 listen 192.168.1.1:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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154 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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155 ...
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156 }
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157
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158 server {
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159 listen 192.168.1.2:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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160 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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161 ...
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162 }
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163 </programlisting>
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164
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165 </para>
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166
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167 </section>
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168
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169
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170 <section id="simple_php_site_configuration"
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171 name="Конфигурация простого сайта PHP">
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172
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173 <para>
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174 Теперь посмотрим на то, как nginx выбирает <i>location</i>
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175 для обработки запроса на примере обычного простого PHP-сайта:
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176 <programlisting>
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177 server {
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178 listen 80;
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179 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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180 root /data/www;
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181
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182 location / {
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183 index index.html index.php;
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184 }
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185
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186 location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
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187 expires 30d;
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188 }
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189
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190 location ~ \.php$ {
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191 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;
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192 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME
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193 $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
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194 include fastcgi_params;
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195 }
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196 }
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197 </programlisting>
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198
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199 </para>
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200
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201 <para>
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202 nginx вначале ищет среди всех префиксных location’ов, заданных строками,
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203 максимально совпадающий.
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204 В вышеприведённой конфигурации
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205 указан только один префиксный location “<literal>/</literal>”, и поскольку
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206 он подходит под любой запрос, он и будет использован, если других
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207 совпадений не будет найдено.
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208 Затем nginx проверяет location’ы, заданные регулярными выражениями, в
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209 порядке их следования в конфигурационном файле.
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210 При первом же совпадении поиск прекращается и nginx использует
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211 совпавший location.
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212 Если запросу не соответствует ни одно из регулярных выражений,
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213 nginx использует максимально совпавший префиксный location,
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214 найденный ранее.
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215 </para>
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216
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217 <para>
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218 Следует иметь в виду, что location’ы всех типов сопоставляются только с
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219 URI-частью строки запроса без аргументов.
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220 Так делается потому, что аргументы в строке запроса могут быть
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221 заданы различными способами, например:
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222 <programlisting>
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223 /index.php?user=john&amp;page=1
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224 /index.php?page=1&amp;user=john
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225 </programlisting>
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226 Кроме того, в строке запроса можно запросить что угодно:
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227 <programlisting>
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228 /index.php?page=1&amp;something+else&amp;user=john
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229 </programlisting>
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230
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231 </para>
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232
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233 <para>
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234 Теперь посмотрим, как бы обрабатывались запросы
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235 в вышеприведённой конфигурации:
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236 <list type="bullet" compact="no">
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237
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238 <listitem>
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239 Запросу “<literal>/logo.gif</literal>” во-первых соответствует префиксный
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240 location “<literal>/</literal>”, а во-вторых&mdash;регулярное выражение
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241 “<literal>\.(gif|jpg|png)$</literal>”,
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242 поэтому он обрабатывается location’ом регулярного выражения.
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243 Согласно директиве “<literal>root&nbsp;/data/www</literal>” запрос
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244 отображается в файл <path>/data/www/logo.gif</path>, который
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245 и посылается клиенту.
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246 </listitem>
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247
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248 <listitem>
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249 Запросу “<literal>/index.php</literal>” также во-первых соответствует префиксный
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250 location “<literal>/</literal>”, а во-вторых&mdash;регулярное выражение
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251 “<literal>\.(php)$</literal>”.
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252 Следовательно, он обрабатывается location’ом регулярного выражения
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253 и запрос передаётся FastCGI-серверу, слушающему на localhost:9000.
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254 Директива
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255 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_param"/>
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256 устанавливает FastCGI-параметр
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257 <literal>SCRIPT_FILENAME</literal> в “<literal>/data/www/index.php</literal>”,
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258 и сервер FastCGI выполняет указанный файл.
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259 Переменная <var>$document_root</var> равна
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260 значению директивы
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261 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="root"/>,
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262 а переменная <var>$fastcgi_script_name</var> равна
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263 URI запроса, т.е. “<literal>/index.php</literal>”.
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264 </listitem>
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265
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266 <listitem>
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267 Запросу “<literal>/about.html</literal>” соответствует только префиксный
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268 location “<literal>/</literal>”, поэтому запрос обрабатывается в нём.
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269 Согласно директиве “<literal>root /data/www</literal>” запрос
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270 отображается в файл <path>/data/www/about.html</path>, который
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271 и посылается клиенту.
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272 </listitem>
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273
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274 <listitem>
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275 Обработка запроса “<literal>/</literal>” более сложная.
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276 Ему соответствует только префиксный location “<literal>/</literal>”,
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277 поэтому запрос обрабатывается в нём.
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278 Затем директива
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279 <link doc="ngx_http_index_module.xml" id="index"/>
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280 проверяет существование индексных файлов согласно своих параметров
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281 и директиве “<literal>root /data/www</literal>”.
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282 Если файл <path>/data/www/index.html</path> не существует,
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283 а файл <path>/data/www/index.php</path> существует, то
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284 директива делает внутреннее перенаправление на “<literal>/index.php</literal>”
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285 и nginx снова сопоставляет его с location’ами,
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286 как если бы такой запрос был послан клиентом.
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287 Как мы видели ранее, перенаправленный запрос будет в конечном итоге
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288 обработан сервером FastCGI.
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289 </listitem>
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290
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291 </list>
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292
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293 </para>
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294
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295 </section>
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296
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297 </article>