annotate xml/ru/docs/beginners_guide.xml @ 936:99f8165723ca

Beginner's guide.
author Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
date Tue, 25 Jun 2013 10:39:32 +0400
parents
children 6885d0926e7b
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
936
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1 <!--
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3 -->
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
5 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../dtd/article.dtd">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
6
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
7 <article name="Руководство для начинающих"
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
8 link="/ru/docs/beginners_guide.html"
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
9 lang="ru"
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
10 rev="1">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
11
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
12 <section>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
13
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
14 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
15 В этом руководстве даётся начальное введение в nginx и описываются
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
16 некоторые простые задачи, которые могут быть решены с его помощью.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
17 Предполагается, что nginx уже установлен на компьютере читателя.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
18 Если нет, см. <link doc="install.xml"/>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
19 В этом руководстве описывается, как запустить и остановить nginx
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
20 и перезагрузить его конфигурацию,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
21 объясняется, как устроен конфигурационный файл, и описывается,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
22 как настроить nginx для раздачи статического содержимого, как
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
23 настроить прокси-сервер на nginx, и как связать nginx с приложением
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
24 FastCGI.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
25 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
26
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
27 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
28 У nginx есть один главный и несколько рабочих процессов.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
29 Основная задача главного процесса — чтение и проверка конфигурации
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
30 и управление рабочими процессами.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
31 Рабочие процессы выполняют фактическую обработку запросов.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
32 nginx использует
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
33 модель, основанную на событиях, и зависящие от операционной системы
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
34 механизмы для эффективного распределения запросов между рабочими процессами.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
35 Количество рабочих процессов задаётся в конфигурационном файле и
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
36 может быть фиксированным для данной конфигурации или автоматически
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
37 устанавливаться равным числу доступных процессорных ядер (см.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
38 <link doc="ngx_core_module.xml" id="worker_processes"/>).
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
39 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
40
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
41 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
42 Как работают nginx и его модули, определяется в конфигурационном файле.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
43 По умолчанию, конфигурационный файл называется <path>nginx.conf</path>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
44 и расположен в каталоге
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
45 <path>/usr/local/nginx/conf</path>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
46 <path>/etc/nginx</path> или
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
47 <path>/usr/local/etc/nginx</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
48 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
49
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
50 </section>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
51
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
52
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
53 <section id="control" name="Запуск, остановка, перезагрузка конфигурации">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
54
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
55 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
56 Чтобы запустить nginx, нужно выполнить исполняемый файл.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
57 Когда nginx запущен, им можно управлять, вызывая исполняемый файл с
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
58 параметром <literal>-s</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
59 Используйте следующий синтаксис:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
60 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
61 nginx -s <i>сигнал</i>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
62 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
63 Где <i>сигнал</i> может быть одним их нижеследующего:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
64 <list type="bullet">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
65 <listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
66 <literal>stop</literal>&mdash;быстрое завершение
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
67 </listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
68 <listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
69 <literal>quit</literal>&mdash;плавное завершение
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
70 </listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
71 <listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
72 <literal>reload</literal>&mdash;перезагрузка конфигурационного файла
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
73 </listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
74 <listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
75 <literal>reopen</literal>&mdash;переоткрытие лог-файлов
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
76 </listitem>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
77 </list>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
78 Например, чтобы остановить процессы nginx с ожиданием окончания
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
79 обслуживания текущих запросов рабочими процессами, можно выполнить
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
80 следующую команду:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
81 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
82 nginx -s quit
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
83 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
84 <note>Команда должна быть выполнена под тем же
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
85 пользователем, под которым был запущен nginx.</note>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
86 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
87
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
88 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
89 Изменения, сделанные в конфигурационном файле,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
90 не будут применены, пока команда перезагрузить конфигурацию не будет
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
91 вручную отправлена nginx’у или он не будет перезапущен.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
92 Для перезагрузки конфигурации выполните:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
93 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
94 nginx -s reload
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
95 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
96 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
97
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
98 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
99 Получив сигнал, главный процесс проверяет правильность синтаксиса нового
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
100 конфигурационного файла и пытается применить конфигурацию, содержащуюся
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
101 в нём.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
102 Если это ему удаётся, главный процесс запускает новые рабочие процессы
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
103 и отправляет сообщения старым рабочим процессам с требованием завершиться.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
104 В противном случае, главный процесс откатывает изменения и продолжает
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
105 работать со старой конфигурацией.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
106 Старые рабочие процессы, получив команду завершиться,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
107 прекращают принимать новые запросы и продолжают обслуживать текущие запросы
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
108 до тех пор, пока все такие запросы не будут обслужены.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
109 После это старые рабочие процессы завершаются.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
110 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
111
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
112 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
113 Посылать сигналы процессам nginx можно также средствами Unix,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
114 такими как утилита <command>kill</command>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
115 В этом случае сигнал отправляется напрямую процессу с данным ID.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
116 ID главного процесса nginx записывается по умолчанию в файл
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
117 <path>nginx.pid</path> в каталоге
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
118 <path>/usr/local/nginx/logs</path> или
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
119 <path>/var/run</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
120 Например, если ID главного процесса равен 1628, для отправки сигнала QUIT,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
121 который приведёт к плавному завершению nginx, нужно выполнить:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
122 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
123 kill -s QUIT 1628
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
124 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
125 Для просмотра списка всех запущенных процессов nginx может быть использована
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
126 утилита <command>ps</command>, например, следующим образом:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
127 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
128 ps -ax | grep nginx
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
129 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
130 Дополнительную информацию об отправке сигналов процессам nginx
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
131 можно найти в <link doc="control.xml"/>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
132 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
133
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
134 </section>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
135
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
136
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
137 <section id="conf_structure" name="Структура конфигурационного файла">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
138
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
139 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
140 nginx состоит из модулей, которые настраиваются директивами, указанными
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
141 в конфигурационном файле.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
142 Директивы делятся на простые и блочные.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
143 Простая директива состоит из имени и параметров, разделённых пробелами,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
144 и оканчивается точкой с запятой (<literal>;</literal>).
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
145 Блочная директива устроена так же, как и простая директива, но
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
146 вместо точки с запятой после имени и параметров следует набор дополнительных
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
147 инструкций, помещённых внутри фигурных скобок
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
148 (<literal>{</literal> и <literal>}</literal>).
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
149 Если у блочной директивы внутри фигурных скобок можно задавать другие
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
150 директивы, то она называется контекстом (примеры:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
151 <link doc="ngx_core_module.xml" id="events"/>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
152 <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="http"/>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
153 <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
154 и
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
155 <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="location"/>).
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
156 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
157
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
158 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
159 Директивы, помещённые в конфигурационном файле вне любого контекста,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
160 считаются находящимися в контексте
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
161 <link doc="ngx_core_module.xml">main</link>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
162 Директивы <literal>events</literal> и <literal>http</literal>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
163 располагаются в контексте <literal>main</literal>, <literal>server</literal> —
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
164 в <literal>http</literal>, а <literal>location</literal> — в
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
165 <literal>server</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
166 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
167
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
168 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
169 Часть строки после символа <literal>#</literal> считается комментарием.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
170 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
171
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
172 </section>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
173
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
174
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
175 <section id="static" name="Раздача статического содержимого">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
176
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
177 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
178 Одна из важных задач конфигурации nginx — раздача
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
179 файлов, таких как изображения или статические HTML-страницы.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
180 Рассмотрим пример, в котором в зависимости от запроса файлы будут
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
181 раздаваться из разных локальных каталогов: <path>/data/www</path>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
182 который содержит HTML-файлы, и <path>/data/images</path>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
183 содержащий файлы с изображениями.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
184 Для этого потребуется отредактировать конфигурационный файл и настроить
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
185 блок
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
186 <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
187 внутри блока <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="http"/>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
188 с двумя блоками <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="location"/>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
189 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
190
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
191 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
192 Во-первых, создайте каталог <path>/data/www</path> и положите в него файл
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
193 <path>index.html</path> с любым текстовым содержанием, а также
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
194 создайте каталог <path>/data/images</path> и положите в него несколько
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
195 файлов с изображениями.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
196 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
197
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
198 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
199 Далее, откройте конфигурационный файл.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
200 Конфигурационный файл по умолчанию уже включает в себя несколько
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
201 примеров блока <literal>server</literal>, большей частью закомментированных.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
202 Для нашей текущей задачи лучше закомментировать все такие блоки и
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
203 добавить новый блок <literal>server</literal>:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
204 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
205 http {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
206 server {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
207 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
208 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
209 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
210 В общем случае конфигурационный файл может содержать несколько блоков
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
211 <literal>server</literal>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
212 <link doc="http/request_processing.xml">различаемых</link> по портам, на
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
213 которых они
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
214 <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen">слушают</link>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
215 и по
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
216 <link doc="http/server_names.xml">имени сервера</link>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
217 Определив, какой <literal>server</literal> будет обрабатывать запрос,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
218 nginx сравнивает URI, указанный в заголовке запроса, с параметрами директив
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
219 <literal>location</literal>, определённых внутри блока
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
220 <literal>server</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
221 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
222
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
223 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
224 В блок <literal>server</literal> добавьте блок <literal>location</literal>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
225 следующего вида:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
226 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
227 location / {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
228 root /data/www;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
229 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
230 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
231 Этот блок <literal>location</literal> задаёт “<path>/</path>”
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
232 в качестве префикса, который сравнивается с URI из запроса.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
233 Для подходящих запросов добавлением URI к пути, указанному в директиве
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
234 <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="root"/>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
235 то есть, в данном случае, к <path>/data/www</path>, получается
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
236 путь к запрашиваемому файлу в локальной файловой системе.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
237 Если есть совпадение с несколькими блоками <literal>location</literal>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
238 nginx выбирает блок c самым длинным префиксом.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
239 В блоке <literal>location</literal> выше указан самый короткий префикс,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
240 длины один,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
241 и поэтому этот блок будет использован, только если не будет совпадения
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
242 ни с одним из остальных блоков <literal>location</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
243 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
244
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
245 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
246 Далее, добавьте второй блок <literal>location</literal>:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
247 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
248 location /images/ {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
249 root /data;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
250 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
251 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
252 Он будет давать совпадение с запросами, начинающимися с
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
253 <literal>/images/</literal>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
254 (<literal>location /</literal> для них тоже подходит, но указанный там префикс
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
255 короче).
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
256 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
257
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
258 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
259 Итоговая конфигурация блока <literal>server</literal> должна выглядеть
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
260 следующим образом:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
261 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
262 server {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
263 location / {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
264 root /data/www;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
265 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
266
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
267 location /images/ {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
268 root /data;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
269 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
270 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
271 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
272 Это уже работающая конфигурация сервера, слушающего на стандартном порту 80
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
273 и доступного на локальном компьютере по адресу
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
274 <literal>http://localhost/</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
275 В ответ на запросы, URI которых начинаются с <literal>/images/</literal>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
276 сервер будет отправлять файлы из каталога <path>/data/images</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
277 Например, на запрос
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
278 <literal>http://localhost/images/example.png</literal> nginx отправит
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
279 в ответ файл <path>/data/images/example.png</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
280 Если же этот файл не существует, nginx отправит ответ, указывающий на
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
281 ошибку 404.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
282 Запросы, URI которых не начинаются на <literal>/images/</literal>, будут
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
283 отображены на каталог <path>/data/www</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
284 Например, в результате запроса
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
285 <literal>http://localhost/some/example.html</literal> в ответ будет
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
286 отправлен файл <path>/data/www/some/example.html</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
287 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
288
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
289 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
290 Чтобы применить новую конфигурацию, запустите nginx, если он ещё не запущен,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
291 или отправьте сигнал <literal>reload</literal> главному процессу nginx,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
292 выполнив:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
293 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
294 nginx -s reload
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
295 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
296 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
297
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
298 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
299 <note>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
300 В случае если что-то работает не как ожидалось, можно попытаться выяснить
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
301 причину с помощью файлов <path>access.log</path> и <path>error.log</path>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
302 из каталога
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
303 <path>/usr/local/nginx/logs</path> или
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
304 <path>/var/log/nginx</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
305 </note>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
306 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
307
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
308 </section>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
309
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
310
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
311 <section id="proxy" name="Настройка простого прокси-сервера">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
312
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
313 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
314 Одним из частых применений nginx является использование его в качестве
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
315 прокси-сервера, то есть сервера, который принимает запросы, перенаправляет их
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
316 на проксируемые сервера, получает ответы от них и отправляет их клиенту.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
317 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
318
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
319 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
320 Мы настроим базовый прокси-сервер, который будет обслуживать запросы
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
321 изображений из локального каталога и отправлять все остальные запросы на
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
322 проксируемый сервер.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
323 В этом примере оба сервера будут работать в рамках одного
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
324 экземпляра nginx.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
325 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
326
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
327 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
328 Во-первых, создайте проксируемый сервер, добавив ещё один блок
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
329 <literal>server</literal> в конфигурационный файл nginx со следующим
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
330 содержимым:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
331 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
332 server {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
333 listen 8080;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
334 root /data/up1;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
335
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
336 location / {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
337 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
338 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
339 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
340 Это будет простой сервер, слушающий на порту 8080
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
341 (ранее директива <literal>listen</literal> не указывалась, потому что
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
342 использовался стандартный порт 80) и отображающий все
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
343 запросы на каталог <path>/data/up1</path> в локальной файловой
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
344 системе.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
345 Создайте этот каталог и положите в него файл <path>index.html</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
346 Обратите внимание, что директива <literal>root</literal> помещена в контекст
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
347 <literal>server</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
348 Такая директива <literal>root</literal> будет использована, когда директива
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
349 <literal>location</literal>, выбранная для выполнения запроса, не содержит
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
350 собственной директивы <literal>root</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
351 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
352
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
353 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
354 Далее, используйте конфигурацию сервера из предыдущего раздела
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
355 и видоизмените её, превратив в конфигурацию прокси-сервера.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
356 В первый блок <literal>location</literal> добавьте директиву
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
357 <link doc="http/ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_pass"/>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
358 указав протокол, имя и порт проксируемого сервера в качестве параметра
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
359 (в нашем случае это <literal>http://localhost:8080</literal>):
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
360 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
361 server {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
362 location / {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
363 proxy_pass http://localhost:8080;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
364 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
365
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
366 location /images/ {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
367 root /data;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
368 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
369 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
370 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
371 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
372
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
373 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
374 Мы изменим второй блок
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
375 <literal>location</literal>, который на данный момент отображает запросы
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
376 с префиксом <literal>/images/</literal> на файлы из каталога
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
377 <path>/data/images</path> так, чтобы он подходил для запросов изображений
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
378 с типичными расширениями файлов.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
379 Изменённый блок <literal>location</literal> выглядит следующим образом:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
380 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
381 location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
382 root /data/images;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
383 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
384 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
385 Параметром является регулярное выражение, дающее совпадение со всеми
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
386 URI, оканчивающимися на <path>.gif</path>, <path>.jpg</path> или
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
387 <path>.png</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
388 Регулярному выражению должен предшествовать символ <literal>~</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
389 Соответствующие запросы будут отображены на каталог <path>/data/images</path>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
390 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
391
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
392 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
393 Когда nginx выбирает блок <literal>location</literal>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
394 который будет обслуживать запрос, то вначале он проверяет
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
395 директивы <link doc="http/ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="location"/>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
396 задающие префиксы, запоминая <literal>location</literal> с самым
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
397 длинным подходящим префиксом, а затем проверяет регулярные выражения.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
398 Если есть совпадение с регулярным выражением, nginx выбирает соответствующий
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
399 <literal>location</literal>, в противном случае берётся запомненный ранее
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
400 <literal>location</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
401 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
402
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
403 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
404 Итоговая конфигурация прокси-сервера выглядит следующим образом:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
405 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
406 server {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
407 location / {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
408 proxy_pass http://localhost:8080/;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
409 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
410
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
411 location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
412 root /data/images;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
413 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
414 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
415 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
416 Этот сервер будет фильтровать запросы, оканчивающиеся на
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
417 <path>.gif</path>, <path>.jpg</path> или <path>.png</path>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
418 и отображать их на каталог <path>/data/images</path> (добавлением URI к
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
419 параметру директивы <literal>root</literal>) и перенаправлять все остальные
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
420 запросы на проксируемый сервер, сконфигурированный выше.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
421 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
422
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
423 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
424 Чтобы применить новую конфигурацию, отправьте сигнал <literal>reload</literal>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
425 nginx’у, как описывалось в предыдущих разделах.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
426 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
427
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
428 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
429 Существует <link doc="http/ngx_http_proxy_module.xml">множество</link>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
430 других директив для дальнейшей настройки прокси-соединения.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
431 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
432
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
433 </section>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
434
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
435
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
436 <section id="fastcgi" name="Настройка проксирования FastCGI">
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
437
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
438 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
439 nginx можно использовать для перенаправления запросов на FastCGI-серверы.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
440 На них могут исполняться приложения, созданные с использованием
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
441 разнообразных фреймворков и языков программирования, например, PHP.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
442 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
443
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
444 <para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
445 Базовая конфигурация nginx для работы с проксируемым FastCGI-сервером
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
446 включает в себя использование директивы
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
447 <link doc="http/ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_pass"/>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
448 вместо директивы <literal>proxy_pass</literal>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
449 и директив <link doc="http/ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_param"/>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
450 для настройки параметров, передаваемых FastCGI-серверу.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
451 Представьте, что FastCGI-сервер доступен по адресу
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
452 <literal>localhost:9000</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
453 Взяв за основу конфигурацию прокси-сервера из предыдущего раздела,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
454 замените директиву <literal>proxy_pass</literal> на директиву
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
455 <literal>fastcgi_pass</literal> и измените параметр на
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
456 <literal>localhost:9000</literal>.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
457 В PHP параметр <literal>SCRIPT_FILENAME</literal> используется для
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
458 определения имени скрипта, а в параметре <literal>QUERY_STRING</literal>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
459 передаются параметры запроса.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
460 Получится следующая конфигурация:
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
461 <programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
462 server {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
463 location / {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
464 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
465 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
466 fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
467 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
468
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
469 location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
470 root /data/images;
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
471 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
472 }
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
473 </programlisting>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
474 Таким образом будет настроен сервер, который будет перенаправлять
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
475 все запросы, кроме запросов статических изображений, на проксируемый
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
476 сервер, работающий по адресу <literal>localhost:9000</literal>,
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
477 по протоколу FastCGI.
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
478 </para>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
479
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
480 </section>
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
481
99f8165723ca Beginner's guide.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
482 </article>