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annotate xml/ru/docs/http/request_processing.xml @ 580:be54c443235a

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Added copyright markers to documentation sources.
author Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
date Tue, 10 Jul 2012 12:59:42 +0000
parents ef11546f75ee
children 764fbac1b8b4
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be54c443235a Added copyright markers to documentation sources.
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1 <!--
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
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4 -->
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5
522
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6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd">
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7
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8 <article name="Как nginx обрабатывает запросы"
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9 link="/ru/docs/http/request_processing.html"
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10 lang="ru"
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11 author="Игорь Сысоев"
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12 editor="Brian Mercer">
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13
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14 <section name="Определение виртуального сервера по имени">
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15
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16 <para>
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17 nginx вначале решает, какой из серверов должен обработать запрос.
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18 Рассмотрим простую конфигурацию,
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19 где все три виртуальных сервера слушают на порту *:80:
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20 <programlisting>
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21 server {
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22 listen 80;
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23 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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24 ...
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25 }
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26
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27 server {
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28 listen 80;
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29 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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30 ...
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31 }
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32
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33 server {
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34 listen 80;
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35 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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36 ...
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37 }
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38 </programlisting>
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39
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40 </para>
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41
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42 <para>
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43 В этой конфигурации, чтобы определить, какому серверу следует направить
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44 запрос, nginx проверяет только поле <header>Host</header> заголовка запроса.
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45 Если его значение не соответствует ни одному из имён серверов
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46 или в заголовке запроса нет этого поля вовсе,
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47 nginx направит запрос в сервер по умолчанию для этого порта.
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48 В вышеприведённой конфигурации сервером по умолчанию будет первый сервер,
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49 что соответствует стандартному поведению nginx по умолчанию.
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50 Сервер по умолчанию можно задать явно с помощью параметра
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51 <literal>default_server</literal> в директиве
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52 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/>:
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53 <programlisting>
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54 server {
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55 listen 80 <b>default_server</b>;
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56 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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57 ...
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58 }
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59 </programlisting>
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60
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61 <note>
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62 Параметр <literal>default_server</literal> появился в
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63 версии 0.8.21.
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64 В более ранних версиях вместо него следует использовать параметр
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65 <literal>default</literal>.
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66 </note>
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67 Следует иметь в виду, что сервер по умолчанию является свойством
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68 слушающего порта, а не имени сервера.
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69 Подробнее это обсуждается ниже.
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70 </para>
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71
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72 </section>
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73
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74
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75 <section id="how_to_prevent_undefined_server_names"
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76 name="Как предотвратить обработку запросов без имени сервера">
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77
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78 <para>
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79 Если запросы без поля <header>Host</header> в заголовке не должны
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80 обрабатываться, можно определить сервер, который будет их отклонять:
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81 <programlisting>
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82 server {
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83 listen 80;
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84 server_name "";
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85 return 444;
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86 }
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87 </programlisting>
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88 Здесь в качестве имени сервера указана пустая строка, которая
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89 соответствует запросам без поля <header>Host</header> в заголовке,
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90 и возвращается специальный для nginx код 444, который закрывает
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91 соединение.
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92 <note>
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93 Начиная с версии 0.8.48 настройка <literal>server_name ""</literal>
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94 является стандартной и может явно не указываться.
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95 В более ранних версиях в качестве стандартного имени сервера
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96 выступало имя машины (hostname).
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97 </note>
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98 </para>
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99
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100 </section>
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101
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102
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103 <section id="mixed_name_ip_based_servers"
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104 name="Определение виртуального сервера по имени и IP-адресу">
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105
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106 <para>
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107 Рассмотрим более сложную конфигурацию,
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108 в которой некоторые виртуальные серверы слушают на разных адресах:
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109 <programlisting>
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110 server {
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111 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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112 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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113 ...
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114 }
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115
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116 server {
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117 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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118 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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119 ...
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120 }
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121
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122 server {
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123 listen 192.168.1.2:80;
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124 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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125 ...
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126 }
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127 </programlisting>
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128 В этой конфигурации nginx вначале сопоставляет IP-адрес и порт
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129 запроса с директивами
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130 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/>
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131 в блоках
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132 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>.
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133 Затем он сопоставляет значение поля <header>Host</header>
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134 заголовка запроса с директивами
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135 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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136 в блоках
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137 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>,
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138 которые соответствуют IP-адресу и порту.
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139 Если имя сервера не найдено, запрос будет обработан в
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140 сервере по умолчанию.
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141 Например, запрос <url>www.example.com</url>, пришедший на порт
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142 192.168.1.1:80, будет обработан сервером по умолчанию для порта
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143 192.168.1.1:80, т.е. первым сервером, т.к. для этого порта
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144 <url>www.example.com</url> не указан в списке имён серверов.
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145 </para>
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146
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147 <para>
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148 Как уже говорилось, сервер по умолчанию является свойством слушающего порта,
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149 поэтому у разных портов могут быть определены свои серверы по умолчанию:
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150 <programlisting>
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151 server {
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152 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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153 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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154 ...
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155 }
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156
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157 server {
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158 listen 192.168.1.1:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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159 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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160 ...
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161 }
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162
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163 server {
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164 listen 192.168.1.2:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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165 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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166 ...
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167 }
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168 </programlisting>
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169
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170 </para>
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171
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172 </section>
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173
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174
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175 <section id="simple_php_site_configuration"
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176 name="Конфигурация простого сайта PHP">
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177
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178 <para>
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179 Теперь посмотрим на то, как nginx выбирает <i>location</i>
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180 для обработки запроса на примере обычного простого PHP-сайта:
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181 <programlisting>
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182 server {
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183 listen 80;
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184 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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185 root /data/www;
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186
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187 location / {
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188 index index.html index.php;
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189 }
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190
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191 location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
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192 expires 30d;
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193 }
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194
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195 location ~ \.php$ {
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196 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;
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197 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME
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198 $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
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199 include fastcgi_params;
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200 }
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201 }
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202 </programlisting>
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203
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204 </para>
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205
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206 <para>
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207 nginx вначале ищет среди всех префиксных location’ов, заданных строками,
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208 максимально совпадающий.
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209 В вышеприведённой конфигурации
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210 указан только один префиксный location “<literal>/</literal>”, и поскольку
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211 он подходит под любой запрос, он и будет использован, если других
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212 совпадений не будет найдено.
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213 Затем nginx проверяет location’ы, заданные регулярными выражениями, в
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214 порядке их следования в конфигурационном файле.
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215 При первом же совпадении поиск прекращается и nginx использует
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216 совпавший location.
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217 Если запросу не соответствует ни одно из регулярных выражений,
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218 nginx использует максимально совпавший префиксный location,
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219 найденный ранее.
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220 </para>
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221
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222 <para>
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223 Следует иметь в виду, что location’ы всех типов сопоставляются только с
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224 URI-частью строки запроса без аргументов.
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225 Так делается потому, что аргументы в строке запроса могут быть
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226 заданы различными способами, например:
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227 <programlisting>
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228 /index.php?user=john&amp;page=1
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229 /index.php?page=1&amp;user=john
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230 </programlisting>
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231 Кроме того, в строке запроса можно запросить что угодно:
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232 <programlisting>
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233 /index.php?page=1&amp;something+else&amp;user=john
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234 </programlisting>
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235
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236 </para>
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237
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238 <para>
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239 Теперь посмотрим, как бы обрабатывались запросы
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240 в вышеприведённой конфигурации:
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241 <list type="bullet" compact="no">
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242
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243 <listitem>
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244 Запросу “<literal>/logo.gif</literal>” во-первых соответствует префиксный
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245 location “<literal>/</literal>”, а во-вторых&mdash;регулярное выражение
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246 “<literal>\.(gif|jpg|png)$</literal>”,
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247 поэтому он обрабатывается location’ом регулярного выражения.
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248 Согласно директиве “<literal>root&nbsp;/data/www</literal>” запрос
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249 отображается в файл <path>/data/www/logo.gif</path>, который
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250 и посылается клиенту.
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251 </listitem>
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252
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253 <listitem>
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254 Запросу “<literal>/index.php</literal>” также во-первых соответствует префиксный
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255 location “<literal>/</literal>”, а во-вторых&mdash;регулярное выражение
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256 “<literal>\.(php)$</literal>”.
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257 Следовательно, он обрабатывается location’ом регулярного выражения
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258 и запрос передаётся FastCGI-серверу, слушающему на localhost:9000.
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259 Директива
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260 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_param"/>
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261 устанавливает FastCGI-параметр
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262 <literal>SCRIPT_FILENAME</literal> в “<literal>/data/www/index.php</literal>”,
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263 и сервер FastCGI выполняет указанный файл.
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264 Переменная <var>$document_root</var> равна
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265 значению директивы
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266 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="root"/>,
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267 а переменная <var>$fastcgi_script_name</var> равна
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268 URI запроса, т.е. “<literal>/index.php</literal>”.
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269 </listitem>
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270
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271 <listitem>
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272 Запросу “<literal>/about.html</literal>” соответствует только префиксный
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273 location “<literal>/</literal>”, поэтому запрос обрабатывается в нём.
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274 Согласно директиве “<literal>root /data/www</literal>” запрос
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275 отображается в файл <path>/data/www/about.html</path>, который
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276 и посылается клиенту.
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277 </listitem>
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278
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279 <listitem>
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280 Обработка запроса “<literal>/</literal>” более сложная.
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281 Ему соответствует только префиксный location “<literal>/</literal>”,
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282 поэтому запрос обрабатывается в нём.
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283 Затем директива
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284 <link doc="ngx_http_index_module.xml" id="index"/>
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285 проверяет существование индексных файлов согласно своих параметров
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286 и директиве “<literal>root /data/www</literal>”.
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287 Если файл <path>/data/www/index.html</path> не существует,
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288 а файл <path>/data/www/index.php</path> существует, то
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289 директива делает внутреннее перенаправление на “<literal>/index.php</literal>”
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290 и nginx снова сопоставляет его с location’ами,
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291 как если бы такой запрос был послан клиентом.
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292 Как мы видели ранее, перенаправленный запрос будет в конечном итоге
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293 обработан сервером FastCGI.
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294 </listitem>
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295
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296 </list>
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297
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298 </para>
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299
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300 </section>
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301
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302 </article>